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Item “The Apocalypse of Paul” and Eschatological Drama: East and West(Georgian National Academy of Sciences / საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, 2015) Labadze, Rusudan / ლაბაძე, რუსუდანThe date of translation of the "Apocalypse of Paul" in Georgian is uncertain, but in the Index of Euthymius Athonite (11th c.) among the eleven apocryphal books is already mentioned “Paul’s Vision of the Heaven”. The oldest of the Georgian manuscript containing this Apocalypse is dated to the 15th-16th centuries (Kut. 128). There are 8 mss. witnessing the Georgian text of the ApP. They belong to the similar and nearly identical recension, which is completely different among the various presently known of the ApP. Despite the eschatological ideas and many versions of the Apocalypse in Georgia as well as in the Eastern Christian tradition the apocrypha couldn’t widely spread. “The Vision of Paul the Apostle” haven’t shared the popularity of another apocrypha "Apocalypse of the Virgin”. This one had the same role in Eastern Christianity as the Apocalypse of Paul” in the West. Apparently, this is mostly caused by the mental attitudes, rather thandogmatic distinctions between the East and the West.Item სვანური -გარ და ქართული -ღა ნაწილაკების სემანტიკურ-ფუნქციური ურთიერთმიმართებისათვის(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024-01-08) მარგიანი, ქეთევან / Margiani, KetevanLike Georgian, the Svan particles are either suffixes or separate elements found with the noun and verb. Due to their archaic nature, changed semantics or expansion of meaning (in one language or the other), the Svan particles only partially correlate with their phonetic equivalent in Georgian. Among such particles is -გარ -gar. According to special literature, both materially and functionally, this particle is considered as equal to the Georgian particle -ღა -γa. Like Georgian, this Svan particle follows the word it is related to. However, according to the spelling rules, it is written separately. At a glance, the area of function of this Svan particle is broader as compared to the Georgian particle, because, when we translate the Svan forms with this particle, taking into account the context, the Georgian analogues of this Svan particle include not only the particle -ღა -γa, but also the lexemes მხოლოდ mxolod “solely” and მარტო mart’o “only”. In my opinion, the situation with regard to the Svan particle is archaic: in Georgian, at a certain stage of language development, the archaic -ღა /-γa / was mostly replaced by the lexemes მხოლოდ mxolod “solely” and მარტო marto “only”. However, the Svan language does not have any lexemes correlated to მხოლოდ mkholod “solely” and mart’o “only”. Instead, the particle -გარ -gar (-ღა -γa) is used in all contexts. When speaking in Georgian, the Svan speaker will rarely use the forms with the particle -ღა -γa or the lexeme მხოლოდ mxolod “solely” (even in Georgian, such forms belong to the literary language rather than oral speech). Therefore, the Svan speaker of Georgian will chiefly use the lexeme მარტო mart’o “only”. The place of the latter lexeme in a sentence is defined on the basis of the Svan language, i.e. in the Georgian speech of the Svan speaker, the lexeme მარტო mart’o “only” follows the word which is followed by -გარ -gar in Svan. Thus, we get the calque of the Svan and, correspondingly, a stylistically wrong Georgian sentence. In some cases, this fact affects the content. For instance: instead of the correct sentence გიორგი გუშინ უდა მოსულიყო giorgi gušin unda mosulix’o, magram dγesγa moaγc’ia / mxolod dγes moaγc’ia “Giorgi was to come yesterday, but he came here only today”, the Svan speaker of Georgian says: დღეს მარტო მოაღწია dγes mart’o moaγc’ia “He came today only”; Instead of saying ესღა დამრჩა esγa damrča “only this remains”, the Svan speaker of Georgian will say ეს მარტო დამრჩა es mart’o damrča “this only remains”; instead of მარტო (/მხოლოდ) ეს წავიკითხე mart’o (/mxolod) es c’avik’itxe “I only read this”, the Svan speaker says ეს მარტო წავიკითხე es mart’o c’avik’itxe “this only I read”... As it turned out, the reason for the calquing is the stable place of the Svan particle in the construction rather than lexical noncorrespondence. Thus, the above-mentioned non-correspondence between the literary language and oral speech and the lexical units of the nonwritten language (with regard to both the function and the place in a sentence) and the so-called “free spaces” (“gaps”) can lead to stylistic discrepancy and calquing not only in languages of different structures but also in the related languages.Item ნაცვალსახელთა ჯგუფებისათვის თანამედროვე ქართულში(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024-01-08) დათუკიშვილი, ქეთევან / Datukishvili, KetevanIn Georgian, there are 10 groups of pronouns. The units comprising each group have been defined by numerous Georgian scholars. In my opinion, this classification requires further clarification regarding certain cases. The paper focuses on personal and demonstrative pronouns. ეს es, ეგ eg, ის is, იგი igi are viewed in the Georgian linguistic literature on the one hand as III person pronouns, and, on the other hand, as demonstrative ones. In my opinion, such classification creates certain problems. Therefore, we should work out a different approach. A. Arabuli does not consider the pronoun იგი igi as a demonstrative pronoun (Arabuli, p. 242). I agree with this opinion. As for the pronouns ეს es – ეგ eg – ის is, according to A. Arabuli and Z. Peikrishvili, they serve as personal pronouns in collocation with verbs and as demonstrative pronouns in collocation with nouns. I share the opinion that in collocation with the noun ეს es – ეგ eg – ის is act as demonstrative pronouns. However, in my opinion, even in collocation with the verb, the pronouns ეს es and ეგ eg preserve their demonstrative meaning, because their semantics always implies deixis (denoting closeness to the first or second person). Due to this fact, I argue that these pronouns should always be classified as demonstrative pronouns. As for the pronoun ის is, which is used in collocation with the verb, in the absolute majority of cases, it acts as a personal pronoun. However, in some contexts, it can perform the function of a demonstrative pronoun; for instance: ან ეს მოვიდეს, ან ის an es movides an is “either this one or that one should come”. Thus, the pronoun ის is should be included in two different groups, namely, it should be considered as a demonstrative pronoun in the opposition: ეს es – ეგ eg – ის is “this –that”; and as a personal pronoun in the opposition: მე me – შენ shen – ის is “I, you, he/she/it”.Item ეპოქა, იდეოლოგია და ლექსიკონები(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024-01-08) ზექალაშვილი, რუსუდან / Zekalashvili, Rusudan; ქურდაძე, რამაზ / Kurdadze, RamazIt is common knowledge that the change of vocabulary, maybe influenced by a number of factors among them we should first of all mention the influence of the prevailing ideology of the particular country. If the state is totalitarian, all the spheres of life are under its control, which is reflected in the vocabulary of the language. Dictionaries and other works compiled and published in some totalitarian states of the last century are a visible example of this. Linguistics of the 20th century got interested in studying the impact of fascist ideology on human speech. This is well described by Victor Klemperer in the book “LTI - The Language of the Third Reich. A Philologist’s Notebook”. And after the 90s of the same century, it became relevant to observe the lexical-grammatical features of the speech of the inhabitants of the two Germanys; Special attention was paid to the differences in the linguistic features (including lexical ones) in the discourse of the same population living in the GDR and the FRG. It became obvious how great was the influence of the Soviet ideology on the discourse of the inhabitants of socialist GDR. Ideology and regime influence not only speech but also public consciousness. The novel "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" by the famous Czech writer Milan Kundera serves as proof of this. One of the chapters of the book is called “Dictionary of Unintelligible Words”, where we can see that the two main characters, Sabina and Franz, sometimes cannot understand each other. The reason is that Sabina grew up in socialist Czechoslovakia and France in Switzerland. For example, the word “demonstration” for Sabina is associated with tedious advance marches and fake celebrations, while for Franz it is a form of protest of a free man. German prof. Rudi Keller, an interesting researcher in this field called the influence of ideology on the speech of humans the phenomenon of the “invisible hand”. A similar situation was characteristic of the countries of the socialist camp, the republics of the Soviet Union, Georgia among them. From the point of view of the impact of political ideology on the lexical side of speech, the eight volume Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language, (1950-1965, Chief Editor prof. Arn. Chikobava) presents a great interest. Despite the ideological pressure and the most difficult conditions during the hard post-war years, compiling such a dictionary was equal to scientific heroism. Its lexical base at that time was comprehensive and reflected the lexical stock of the Georgian language as much as possible. Obviously, the Soviet ideology found its reflection in the given dictionary, and it was certainly inevitable. From this point of view, several aspects can be distinguished: • Diverse definitions according to the views of socialist and capitalist countries; • A large number of words of ideological content when selecting lexical units; • Ideological coloring of definitions of words of political-economic, social, philosophical and other topics; • Propaganda of atheism and trending definition of religious words; • The abundance of borrowed words from the Russian language: neologisms and abbreviations characteristic of the Soviet epoch; • Collocations and illustrative sources (Marxist-Leninist political literature, press of that time, history of the communist party of the Soviet Union, communist party congress resolutions...). In the definitions of the lexical units, you can see the tendency of demonstrating the superiority of the socialist world and the communist ideology, the high moral portrait of a “free” Soviet person and the moralpolitical vices of the capitalist countries are emphasized. It is worth mentioning that the first edition of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language is not only a rich source of cultural information, but also the ideological one and reflects the contradictory Soviet years. This again emphasizes that the dictionary is a kind of the reflection of the relevant time.Item ჯდომის“ აღმნიშვნელი ზმნები ქართულში (ძირითადი მნიშვნელობა და გაფართოების არეალი)(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024-01-08) ლოლაძე, ნანა / Loladze, NanaThe verbs denoting “sitting”, like verbs denoting “standing” and “lying”, belong to the archaic layer of language and are characterized by numerous peculiarities. These verbs are termed as verbs of “position“, since they denote three different positions of the object (in a broad sense) in space: vertical – standing, horizontal – lying and intermediate – sitting. Most studies agree on the anthropocentric basis of the posture verbs: their prototypical meaning pertains to the three typical positions of a human being (Lemmens, 2002, 2). It should be noted that typologically these verbs are characterized by semantic extension. The results of such extension are, on the one hand, metaphorization, and, on the other hand, grammaticalization. Recently, investigation of these verbs within the scope of cognitive linguistics has become especially active. Newman has distinguished four cognitive domains relevant for the interpretation of the basic meanings of these three positional verbs. These domains are: the spatio-temporal domain, force dynamics domain, active zone and social/cultural domain. Based on this scheme, the chief meaning of the verb of “sitting” is defined as follows: Spatio-temporal domain – relativaly compact position; Force dynamics domain –medium degree of control and balance; Active zone – buttocks (and upper torso); Social/cultural domain – comfortable position either for working or relaxing (Newman, 2012, 2). This is the basic meaning of “sitting”. As for the lexicalization of this meaning, it can be expressed by different lexical means in different languages. It should be noted that such lexical diversity is especially peculiar of the verbs of sitting. In Georgian, the verbs of sitting reveal interesting meanings. Under these verbs, we mean the verb ზის (is sitting), as well as auto-causative verb ჯდება (sits down) and causative verb სვამს (seats, offers to sit down). Above all, we should mention that in all Kartvelian languages, the verbs of standing and lying are based on common roots1. However, there are different roots for the verbs of sitting: Georgian – ზის zis Megrelian – (გე)ხე(ნ) (ge)khe(n) Laz – გეხენ gekhen Svan – სგურ sgur In Georgian, there are two verbs expressing sitting. One is ზის zis, referring to one person, and სხედ skhed, referring to the plural. Besides, unlike the verbs დგას dgas “stands” and ძევს dzevs “lies”, the verbs of sitting were not used in old Georgian in the meaning of possession. In modern Georgian, the verb ზის zis “sits” has the following meanings: 1. The state of a person leaning upon some solid object with the lower part of the body (buttocks); staying in some place, for instance, in prison; occupying a certain post (the King, the Patriarch, the Catholicos...). 2. The state of an animal leaning on its hind legs, or the state of a bird, insect, reptile, rodent or amphibian which is motionless, leaning upon something with its legs. 3. In case of an inanimate subject, placed in something; established. When the verb ზის zis “sits” refers to a person, in the majority of cases, it denotes not the so-called “compact” position, but restricted movement or restricted area of action. When referring to other animate subjects, this verb denotes stillness and restricted movement in space. As for old Georgian, Ilia Abuladze considers “establishment” as one of the basic meanings of this verb (Abuladze, 1973, p. 573). There are cases when the verb of sitting is found together with the verbs of movement: ჯდომაჲ შენი და გამოსლვაჲ და შესლვაჲ შენი უწყი. O მფ. 19,27 Ǯdomaj šeni da gamoslvaj da šeslvaj šeni uçqi. O mp. 19,27. “I am aware of your sitting and coming out and entering”. O Book of the Kings, 19, 27; ნუ განიშორებ მას ნუცა სლვასა და ნუცა ჯდომასა. მ.სწ. 62,13. nu ganišoreb mas nuca slvasa da nuca Ǯdomasa. m. sç. 62,13. “Do not refuse either walking or sitting”. Teachings of the Holy Fathers, 62, 13; რამეთუ ვითარცა კაცნი არ განიყოფვიან ურთიერთას, ხოლო ვითარცა რომელიმე ნუუკუე ზის, ხოლო რომელიმე ვალს, განიყოფვიან. ამონიოს ერმისი, 39 rametu vitarca kacni ar ganiqopebian urtiertas, kholo vitarca romelime zis, kholo romelime vals, ganiqopebian amonios emisi, 39. “People are not divided, but if someone is sitting, and someone is walking, they are separated”. Amonios Ermis, 39. Sitting on the back of a certain animal (e.g. horse) is denoted by the prefixes ზე/ზედა ze/zeda. რომელნი-იგი ზე-სხდეს ჰუნებსა ფს.75,7. romelni-igi ze-skhdes hunebsa ps.75,7 “Those who sit on horseback. Psalm 75, 7”; მეუფჱ შენი მოვალს შენდა მშჳდი და ზე ზის იგი ვირსა და კიცუსა მ. 21,5. meupej šeni movals šenda mšwidi da ze zis igi virsa da kicusa m 2,51 “Your King comes to you, gentle and riding on a donkey and on a colt the foal of a donkey”. Mathew, 21, 51. Thus, in Old Georgian, the verbs of sitting chiefly denoted a state when movement in space is restricted or the area of action is limited. These meanings were developed as a result of extension of the basic meaning.Item მეთოდოლოგიური და ტერმინოლოგიური პრობლემები თანამედროვე ქართულ გრამატიკულ ლიტერატურაში და მათი დაძლევის გზები (ფორმისა და შინაარსის ურთიერთმიმართებისათვის)(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024-01-08) მელიქიშვილი, დამანა / Melikishvili, Damana1. The subject-matter of the research and study of grammar, as one of the branches of linguistics, is the study of the word and its relation with the content. 2. Unlike the mono-personal verb of European languages, the Georgian poly-personal verb is a “sentence in miniature” in itself due to the alternation of subjective and objective person markers and vowel prefixes which make orientation between grammatical persons. 3. The research of Georgian poly-personal verb according to the “model” of the Thracian grammar have gaven rise to many essential methodological and terminological problems, which are still unsolved. Among them is the problem of “Voice category”. 4. Until today, in university grammar courses and school textbooks of the Georgian language, verbs of the R-(th.suf.) -ი -i structure are qualified as “passive”, “passive voice verbs” verbs, when they actually have an active content. 5. In connection with this problem, quite a number of articles have been published: including my articles – “Tradition and Authoritarianism in Georgian Grammatical Literature”, “Dogmatism in Grammatical Literature” and others. 6. The structural analysis of the entire verb material in the eight-volume explanatory dictionary of the Georgian language showed, that verbs of the ა- a-/ ი- i-/ უ- u-/ ე- e- R(th.suf.) -i -ი structure (ვ-ი-მალ-ებ-ი v-i-mal-eb-i “I am hiding”, ვ-ე-მალ-ებ-ი v-emal- eb-i “I am hiding myself from him/her”, ვ-ე-ლაპარაკ-ებ-ი v-elap’arak’- eb-i “I am speaking with him/her”, ვ-ე-ჩხუბ-ებ-ი v-e-čxubeb- i “I am fighting with him/her”, ვ-ე-ჯაჯგურ-ებ-ი v-e-jajgur-eb-i “I am shaking him/her/it”, ვ-ე-მზად-ებ-ი v-e-mzad-eb-i “I am preparing for something”, ვ-ა-ხტ-ებ-ი v-a-xt’-eb-i “I am jumping on something”, ვ-ა-ცხრ-ებ-ი v-a-cxr-eb-i “I am attacking him/her/it” etc. . .) clearly have an active content (their subject is active) and, therefore, their qualification as passive verbs is unfounded. Abbreviations: R – Root; th. suf - thematic suffixItem ვაჟა-ფშაველას თხრობის სტილის ერთი თავისებურება პოემების მიხედვით(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024-01-08) გოგოლაშვილი, გიორგი / Gogolashvili, GiorgiIn Vazha-Pshavela’s epic poems the story is narrated in a traditional manner: the narrator observes the action taking place within the inner space from the outer space. However, he deviates from this traditional narrative style whenever it is necessary to accommodate it to the narrative situation in the poem. The narrator “penetrates” the inner space and is transformed into the 1st person (grammatically) dramatis personae who holds a conversation with the (2nd person) characters. Then he “returns” to the outer space and continues to narrate in the traditional style. This peculiarity of the narrative style can be observed in epic poem “Host and Guest”, in the episode when Khevsurians launch an assault on Kisteti (chapter 11) and after Joqola’s death (chapter 13). This device is also used in the epic poem “Bakhtrioni”. Having defeated the enemy, the troops are heading back to Pshavi. The narrator leaves the outer space and meets them near Pshavi and talks to them in the 1st person (chapter 16). Then he returns to the outer space and the narrative continues in the traditional style. This alteration of narrative styles is an important stylistic innovation in Georgian narrative literature.Item International Scientific Conference “Mariam Lordkipanidze – 100” December 23, 2022(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023) Tavadze, Leri; Dundua, TedoItem Coronavirus, Great Pandemics and Georgia: Short Historical Tale(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023) Dundua, Tedo; Tabuashvili, Apolon; Avdaliani, EmilAs the world recently experienced deep effects (death rate, economic downturn, slowdown of globalization) of the novel Coronavirus, it is interesting to look at all the pandemics from a historical point of view. Below are several famous epidemics that affected the world and Georgia in Medieval or Modern and Contemporary periods, and which showed the countries making similar coordinated steps to stop them.Item Fashion on Georgian Money(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023) Dundua, Tedo; Avaliani, EmilItem Universal Styles of Clothing as Seen on Georgian Money(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023) Dundua, Tedo; Avdaliani, EmilItem Liberties and Phrygian Caps in Georgia(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023) Dundua, TedoItem Identity Issues of the Kartvelian Peoples by the Greek Authors Memnon, Appian, Cassius Dio, Plutarch and Strabo(Logos, 2023) Nadareishvili, KetevanItem ამიერკავკასიის საბჭოთა-ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკის 1922 წლის კონსტიტუციის ენობრივი რეგულაციები/ Language regulations of the 1922 Constitution of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Republic(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) ჭაავა/ Tchaava, სოფიკო/ SofikoWithin the framework of the project "Functioning of languages in the Abkhazian ASSR in the context of Soviet policy (the 30s of XX century)" (code -OTG-I-22-232) funded by the Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation in 2022, it is envisaged the description and analysis of the language regulations of the constitutions of the Transcaucasian Federation, Soviet Union, Georgian SSR, Abkhazian ASSR. The Constitution of the Transcaucasian Federal Republic was adopted on December 13, 1922. It is known that the mentioned political union operated until 1936, and accordingly, the countries united in it were obliged to protect and fulfill various legal requirements in the Constitution. An important place in the provisions of the key law is occupied by the separate articles reflecting the use of languages, which describe in detail where and how languages of the republic, state languages, languages of national minorities, local/regional main languages, etc. should be used. The Constitution of the Transcaucasian Federation regulated the following fields in terms of language use: 1. State institutions; 2. Departments of railways and highways; 3. Railway and highway lines; 4. Army divisions and institutions. In order to better control the linguistic environment of each of them, relevant decrees and regulations were created, in which separate issues of language functioning were described in detail. These documents show that the Russian language was used in communication between the highest governing bodies, all the main documents were to be drawn up in this language only, and any economic, technical and money-related information was to be written in Russian only. To justify this fact, the legislators pointed out that there was no suitable scientific-technical terminology in the languages of the allied republics, so they had to use the Russian language. The languages of the Allied Republic (Georgian, Armenian and Azerbaijani) and the languages of national minorities should be used after Russian or together with Russian in communication with local organizations, and not in the union. The language regulations reflected in the Constitution of the Transcaucasian Federation are a kind of illustration of the Soviet language policy, according to which the Russian language should be the dominant and leading language in all spheres of the various allied republics and especially in their strategic objects.Item ივანე ჯავახიშვილი საქართველოს მოსახლეობის აღწერების შესახებ/ Ivane Javakhishvili about Georgia’s population censuses(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) შელია/ Shelia, მზია/ MziaIvane Javakhishvili's contribution to the search for written monuments on demography, their description, analysis and scientific evaluation is immeasurable. Based on historical sources, Ivane Javakhishvili substantiated the traditional character of the periodical (once every 7 years) population census in Georgia, studied the specific goals of the population census, the sources of financial support for the census, substantiated the existence of the census programme and found the norms of legal punishment for criminals in case of incorrect population census applicable then; assessed the impact of wars on the territorial movement of the population of the region and, accordingly, on the demographic decline; He negatively evaluated the methodology of 1926 population census based on ethnicity of that time and showed us its negative results. In particular, the categorization of Muslims into a separate ethnic group, which included Georgian Muslims, distorted the ethnic structure of the population, and gave ethnically diverse regions a reason to implement an improper educational policy on the one hand, and to violate the territorial integrity of the country, on the other hand.Item ნ. ი. მარისა და ი. ჯავახიშვილის წერილები უნივერსიტეტზე, როგორც ქართული მეცნიერების ისტორიის ამსახველი წყარო/ The Letters by N. I. Marr and I. Javakhishvili on University, as a Source of the Reflection of History of the Georgian Science(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) ვაშაკიძე/ Vashakidze, იამზე/ IamzeFrom the period of the establishment of the Russian civil government in Georgia (40s of the XІΧ century), the active struggle of the rulers of the imperial course began against the Georgian national identity and, first of all, the Georgian language, Georgian-language education (science). Even the generation of the 60s, commanded by I. Chavchavadze, led the struggle for the restoration of the rights of the Georgian language and raised the issue of opening a university. The collapse of the Russian Empire through the revolution (1917) accelerated the processes of national liberation in Georgia; After the restoration of the autocephaly of the Church (March 12, 1917), one of the important tasks was the establishment of the Georgian University. What was carried out on February 8, 1918 by the foremost Georgian intelligence, led by Ivane Javakhishvili – who was the worthy descendant of I. Chavchavadze. The establishment of the university exposed the opponents of Georgian-language education and science – the political and scientific elite of Russian Empire – whose important representative was the member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Georgian-born scientist Nikolai Yakovlevich Marr. I. Javakhishvili and N. Marr's letters reflect radically different positions on the planning and development of national science/education, namely: N. Marr submitted to the Higher Schools Reforms Commission in the letter, he raised the issue of establishing the Caucasus State / Russian University in Tbilisi, instead of the Georgian University; He also made purely scientific issues: a. return to the homeland of the Georgian manuscripts and other antiquities moved to Russia at different times; b. conducting of archaeological research in historical areas of the country –Mtskheta and Nakalakevi the topic of political controversy, thus preparing the atmosphere for Bolshevik repression against the Georgian scientists. I. Javakhishvili protects the interests of the National Higher Education and Science School, exposes N. Marr as an ideologue of the Empire. I. Javakhishvili expressed his civil position when the announced the refusal of the Council of Professors of the University “to cooperate in any form” with N.Marr, which caused the irritation of the Soviet politicians supporting N.Marr. A practical result of the political struggle against Georgian science was I. Javakhishvili’s dismissal from the Rector’s post (1926), which was followed by the dissolution of the University (1930). The problematic of the letters by two great scientists I. Javakhishvili and N. Marie does not lose its relevance even in modern conditions when the issue concerns the organization and promotion of national science.Item ბინარული ოპოზიცია ჩემი/სხვა ლია სტურუას შეგრძნებების რომანში „რძეში ჩავარდნილი ქვა”/ Binary Opposition Self/Other (According to Lia Sturua’s novel of Perceptions - “A Stone Dropped in Milk”)(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) წერეთელი/ Tsereteli, ნინო/ NinoLia Sturua's novel of perceptions "A stone dropped in milk" is dedicated to the eternal city – Paris, a city known for its artistic freedom. It is indispensable for artists and it is quite logical that the theme of Paris, this special city, has been so relevant in world literature for centuries. The attitude of the author to the countries and cities always "has a literary cover". French literature and art are so close to Lia Sturua, that she never feels like a stranger in Paris. The city with its majesty is beyond all styles and trends for her. She refers to Parisian mornings as "a gift from God" and describes the city's streets as "a road going to the stars”. For the poetess, this city serves as a catharsis and a fleeting spring that could end at any moment. Here, the recollections of home intensify the sense of loss and tragedy. Paris is a true paradise for the poetess from Tbilisi who left the civil conflicts, darkness and cold behind, which is inspiring to write. The essay's author explores the history of the city and creates an interesting cross-cultural dialogue while keeping in mind Paris' multicultural past and present. In travel writing, there is a fairly stereotyped perception of Paris. The existence of a stereotype is a fact that has characteristic features unique only to it. In most cases, the stereotype is unchanged; it can be reduced and evaluated. When it comes to stereotypes, the evaluative moment is crucial since it usually occurs against the background of the opposition "mine – the other". From a binary oppositional pair, either its first member (“mine”) acts as an ideal, or, vice versa, the second member (“the other”) serves as an ideal against the background of its criticism. The novel of perceptions “A Stone Dropped in Milk" is a captivating literary text, which stands out for its variety of artistic forms, literary allusions and metaphorical thinking. France, Paris associated by the author of the essay with literature and literary characters from her youth, is not completely alien to her, even though this city will never become her native town. “A Stone Dropped in Milk” does not specifically demonstrate the concept “other”, which is in harmony with “own”. It’s worth mentioning, that “other” is maximally reduced. The topic of alienation is absolutely overcome in the narration.Item ერთი შემოქმედის ავტობიოგრაფია, როგორც კოლექტიური ტრავმის ნარატივი: ლანა ღოღობერიძე/ Autobiography of one creator as a narrative of collective trauma: Lana Ghoghoberidze(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) წერეთელი/ Tsereteli, ივანე/ IvaneA human is a narrator by nature. Narration implies not only description, but also interpretation. Deliberately or accidentally, meanings are attached to things, facts, and events that took place in the past. According to Robert Neimeyer, both narrators and audiences do so. The objective of this Article is to clarify how 9 April 1989 and 1991, the war and civil confrontation in Tbilisi, and a stressful series of sudden and intensive changes are analyzed, conceptualized, and interpreted in the memoirs created after Georgia became independent. The 1990s give an impetus to the revival of the past also in texts on life. Lana Gogoberidze's memoirs "What I remember and how I remember" are noteworthy in this regard. The final version of the book was published in 2019. As regards the texts of memoirs, this genre is called lifewriting in scientific literature and this notion is wider than just an (auto) biography. A lifewriting text is supposed to not only tell a story, but also analyze the process(es), which determined the concrete shape of the identity of a person. It analyzes not only how the paradigm or platform, on which the author is based on when writing a text, was created, but also why. "Life is not what you have lived, but what you remember and how you remember". These words by Lana Gogoberidze can be appropriate to be used as a definition of the genre.Item ილია ჭავჭავაძე: ეროვნული ფიგურა წინააღმდეგობრივ საჯარო დისკურსებში/ Ilia Chavchavadze: National Figure in the Controversial Public Discourses(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) ჩხაიძე/ Chkhaidze, ირაკლი/ IrakliAlmost all parts of Georgian society view Ilia Chavchavadze (1837-1907) as a national figure. There is a lot of discussion regarding his legacy in both intellectual and popular circles. The groups, for whom Ilia is a cult figure, have completely different views on such important issues for the state of Georgia like the forms of nation building, models and directions of community development, foreign policy and others. Chavchavadze's image is frequently used to support different discourses on national identity. For some, Ilia represents traditional, conservative values; for others, he is the primary representation of Georgia's European identity. There are also those, for whom he is the architect of the Georgian nation's secularism, and those, for whom he is Saint Ilia the Righteous, who has been canonized by the Orthodox Church. The paper intends to examine Ilia Chavchavadze as a national hero, who is simultaneously the unquestionable leader of the pantheon of Georgian heroes with a widely accepted positive image and one of the most malleable names in Georgian history. Political or public movements, and the leaders of those movements, find "owning“ Ilia Chavchavadze as a hero, positioning themselves as those who champion his ideas, and speaking on behalf of Ilia to be particularly alluring. The figure of Ilia Chavchavadze is an "empty signifier," to use Ernesto Laclau's term, into which everyone inserts his or her desired content. The research topic is relevant because different perspectives and conflicting discourses on Ilia Chavchavadze have a big impact on contradictory political and social processes. Despite the abundance of materials related to Ilia Chavchavadze already in existence, hardly any works can be found in which the issue is investigated from a similar perspective.Item კოლექტიური მეხსიერების ფორმირება გარდამავალ პერიოდში: გმირი-ანტიგმირის დისკურსი/ Formation of the New Memory in the Period of Transition: Hero-antihero Discourse(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023-04-27) ჩიქოვანი/ Chikovani, ნინო/ NinoEvery epoch is associated with defining events as well as concrete figures. Their significance particularly increases in the period of transition: their images are constructed under conditions of rapid political and socio-cultural changes; they influence ongoing processes; these figures form the foundation for the memory of different groups and have unifying or dividing function. Applying the hero-antihero discourse for the analysis of the meanings assigned to them enables us to observe the process of formation of collective memory, which affects many other processes of the period. Out of the key figures of the 1990s, I have selected Merab Kostava who significantly influenced construction of the image of the modern hero as well as the perception and representation of events of the 1980s-1990s. His grave in Mtatsminda Pantheon - the most important symbolic area for the modern Georgian collective identity - was a step towards the formation of a new collective memory. The study aims to answer the following questions: How the image of Merab Kostava as a hero was constructed on the basis of cultural patterns preserved in the Georgian culture? Who were the antiheroes visÀ- vis his image? How do the mechanisms of remembering and forgetting work in this process? The research is based on the study of diverse narratives and employs the methods of content analysis and discourse analysis to explore the specific meanings that individuals/groups attach to social reality. The empirical material is comprehended within the framework of the theory of collective memory.