რა "აკეთილშობილებს" ყაჩაღს? ფოლკლორული პარადიგმები

Abstract

Since Tchabua Amirejibi published his novel Data Tutashkhia (1973) the image of a “noble robber” increased the highest level of popularity in his contemporary society and perhaps remains among the readers of today . The point about the protagonist is that he is a peasant that the state regards as criminal, but who is also considered as a hero within peasant society who fights for justice with his own moral code, which makes his adventure interesting and significant. The theme of the “noble robber” is one of the most universal social phenomena known to history, literature, art, stage and folklore too. Popular stories celebrated noble outcasts as victims of social circumstances beyond their control. In historical and social sciences these people are regarded in diff erent ways. The social bandits were individuals living on the edges of rural societies by robbing and plundering, who are often seen by ordinary people as heroes or inspirations of popular resistance. Social bandits are distinguished from other forms of organized crime as the majority of the peasantry perceived the bandits as rebels who opposed the unjust system of a state. E. Hobsbawm called it a form of “pre-historic social movement”, in contrast with the organized labour movement. Other historians and anthropologists criticised the social bandit theory, emphasising that they are often romanticized afterwards through nationalistic rhetoric and have a life of their own, giving them a permanence and potency which transcends their localized domain and transitory nature. The “noble robbers” are the romanticized concept of criminals who fight injustice and have a large popularity with the lower classes. They are avengers whose acts of cruelty and violence distinguish them as fi gures both feared and respected by common people. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in civilized societies as well as in societies throughout recorded history, and social banditry is described in oral narratives and folktales. Caucasian folklore is one of the best examples of this. The works of Georgian folklorists and historians focused on several robber characters in oral narrative traditions. The regional and biographical studies of “robber- epics” and “piral-lyrics” have come to light. However, the issue of the fictional robber characters in folktales is still not studied. The appearance of bandits in non-historical stories such as fairytale, romantic folktale, joke and exempla is rather many-sided and needs to be supplemented with literary studies. In The Types of International Folktales based on the System of Aarne- Thompson-Uther, there are up to twenty narrative plots under the heading “Robbers and Murderers”. This miscellaneous title is comprises of folktale types dealing with various stories about criminals as antagonist characters. The central objects of this research are international fairy-tale motifs in Georgian folklore in order to categorize some types of robbers (robber, noble robber, gentleman robber, repentant robber) in search of the points what give the robber-stories the attractiveness.