Browsing by Author "Putkaradze, Ramaz"
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Item Bulgaria in European integration process(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2021) Putkaradze, RamazThe paper analyzes economic indicators and some of the peculiarities of Bulgaria’s, one of the EU member states, economic development. Historical and contemporary aspects of Bulgaria are presented in the paper. It is concluded that Bulgaria’s economic performance and economic situation have significantly improved over the past 14 years. Overall, the country has made significant progress. The further goals of the country are to join the Shengen zone and the eurozone. Communist domination of the former People’s Republic of Bulgaria ended in 1990. Bulgaria applied for membership of the European Union on 18 December 1995. After the collapse of the socialist system, economic reforms and a large-scale fight against corruption began in Bulgaria. Joining the European Union became the country’s top foreign priority. Romania became a member of the Central European Free Trade Association (1997), NATO (2004) and the European Union (2007). Thus, Bulgaria found its place alongside the European states and joined the EU single family. It is worth mentioning that there is still a difference between the economic indicators of old European Union countries and of Bulgaria and Romania; however, the tendency is that the gap between their development levels is decreasing. Bulgaria’s GDP increased from $ 34.4 billion in 2006 to $69.1.5 billion in 2020 and GDP per capita increased from $4523 to $ 9975. Other economic performance indicators of Romania have also improved. Bulgaria accounts for 1.28% of EU GDP. Intra-EU trade accounts for 69% of Bulgaria’s exports, while outside the EU 8% go to Turkey and 3% to China. In terms of imports, 64% come from EU Member States, while outside the EU 10% come from Russia and 6% from Turkey. It should be noted that trade and economic relations between Georgia and Bulgaria are dynamically developing. Bulgaria strongly supports Georgia’s European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes. Romania is the first EU member state which ratified the Association Agreements between Georgia and the EU.Item Economic integration of Croatia into the European Union and Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2018) Putkaradze, RamazApplying to the international experience with the purpose to develop national economy is of great importance in modern times. Croatia is the last, 28th member state of the European Union. The paper deals with the peculiarities of social and economic development of Croatia. Croatia is one of the rapidly developing and rich in resources countries in Europe, which is actively seeking further integration into global economy. The present paper studies a number of pressing issues of social and economic development of Croatia and provides suggestions what can be considered in Georgian reality. Croatia has a unique geographical location and is a member of the European Union, the United Nations Organization, the Council of Europe, the NATO, the World Trade Organization and many other international organizations. Tourism is considered one of the key directions of Croatia’s development. The contribution of tourism to the country’s GDP is about 20%, which is quite high compared with the contribution of tourism to the GDP of the EU, which amounts to 10%. According to the National Statistics Office of Georgia, contribution of tourism to total output of the country's economy is 7.3%. It is desirable to cooperate with Croatia in tourism sector. Export volume of Croatian goods exceeds the volume of Georgian export by 5 times. Export of Croatian goods amounted to USD 13.7 billion in 2017 (to compare with, export of Georgian goods amounted to USD 2.7 billion in 2017 and export without re-export totaled to USD 2 billion), while import of goods amounted to USD 21.3 billion. First NATO, then the EU. There is no direct relation between these two international organizations but before the EU membership Croatia joined NATO on April 1, 2009. Investment and Competitiveness Agency. Croatia is actively involved in globalization and integration processes. The country is actively trying to attract FDI and cares to improve the competitiveness of its economy. There is an Investment and Competitiveness Agency in Croatia. In our opinion, introduction of this experience in Georgia and caring for the improvement of the competitiveness of the country’s economy is very important. Croatia has the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. From our point of view, it is possible to combine the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of European Integration. Similar practice exists in many European countries. To conclude, EU membership is profitable for Croatia. It is desirable to study and use the Croatian experiences for socio-economic development of Georgia. Croatia continues the country's economic development successfully. One of the subsequent goals of the country is to join the Schengen zone.Item The EU candidate countries and Georgia’s prospects for European integration(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2019) Putkaradze, RamazThe article analyzes some comparisons between Georgia and the candidate and potential countries of the EU. Many papers of Georgian and foreign scientists economists have been devoted to the study of trade and economic relations between Georgia and the EU, but less attention has been paid to the research of Georgia and the candidate countries of the EU. The study uses the CAGE distance method, which has not been well studied in Georgian scientific literature. At present, the number of the EU candidate countries and potential candidate countries is seven. Georgia’s convergence with the European Union and its further integration depend in part on deepening cooperation between EU candidate countries and the EU. The enlargement of the European Union and the admission of new member states will also affect relations between other European countries and the EU. Thus, for example, Bulgaria’s and Romania’s admission has resulted in Georgia’s (and not only) European Neighborhood Policy, Croatia’s admission to the Eastern Partnership, which in turn has deepened trade, economic and other relations between Georgia and the EU, which will deepen further. Georgia has the prospect of being granted EU candidate status or potential candidate status. An example of this is the current EU candidate countries, which have achieved the result of sound foreign policy and economic reforms. Georgia should use the experience of EU candidate countries in the path of European integration in how they have been granted candidate status. Turkey is one of the countries which is diff erent from other candidate countries. However, 83% of the population, 73% of the area and more than 86% of the GDP of the EU candidate countries is with Turkey, which is a great prospect for any country. Georgia has the closest relationship with Turkey, but prospects for trade and economic cooperation with other EU candidate countries are also emerging. Turkey is Georgia’s No. 1 trading partner and the problems of the Turkish economy affect the Georgian economy as well. In our opinion, it is in Georgia’s best interest to bring Turkey closer to the European Union with its admission to the EU, thus having an EU member state on the land bordering Georgia. In all likelihood and contrast, the development of cooperation between Georgia and the EU candidate countries is promising, especially when the candidate countries join the EU. In fact, all of them are small (except for Turkey) and poorly resourced countries for which integration into the world economy is crucial. Thus, it is necessary to exploit the similarities between them, to consider the differences and to derive economic benefits. Thus, comparisons between Georgia and candidate countries and potential candidate countries of the EU allow us to draw a conclusion: Georgia can achieve EU candidate country status. Moreover, there is no significant difference between the economic indicators of Georgia and the EU candidate countries. Finally, if Georgia’s proper foreign and economic policy and its Association Agreement commitments are fulfilled, the country’s significant progress can be made and a whole new level of cooperation with the EU can be reached.Item Modern international economic relations of Georgia(„Smarty“ Publishing, 2024) Veshapidze, Shota; Bakhtadze, Lela; Putkaradze, Ramaz; Kharitonashvili, Jemal; Danelia, Irakli; Lominashvili, Mikheil; Chantladze, NanukaThe global economy has entered a new age of national security under current conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability caused by our reliance on global supply chains and a lack of collaboration in combating global health hazards. However, what has most distinguished this new century is Russia’s unjustified invasion of Ukraine, global economic devastation, food and energy warfare. Aside from the human and economic costs, the war in Ukraine has widened the schism between the Western and Eastern geopolitical blocs, which are centered on the United States and China, respectively. In the contemporary world, a country’s economic development is influenced by both local and external influences. As a result, in the context of modern socioeconomic growth, international economic ties are one of the most significant variables influencing Georgia’s long-term development. It helps to promote scientific and technical progress, the judicious use of natural resources, globalization of the world economy, the exchange of industrial expertise, the rapid growth of international economic ties, and worldwide commerce in products and services. The primary objective of global economic development is to maximize the benefits of the entire community’s combined economic capacity. At the same time, it is important to recognize that countries play different roles in this process, and the international importance of any country or its individual region is based on existing natural resources, economic development dynamics, its place in the global system of production of goods and services, and the existence and availability of financial resources. Georgia successfully participates in the global economic community, increases its export potential, expands economic cooperation with the rest of the world, and establishes mutually beneficial relations with the United States, the European Union, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Middle East, Kazakhstan and other Central Asian republics, the Russian Federation, China, European countries, and Japan. A thorough grasp of international economic connections is required for Georgia’s incorporation into the global economy. As a result, it is critical to understand the associated developments of current world economic processes and their influence on Georgia. It is critical to determine where the sovereign state of Georgia’s future growth is heading, how it can secure the safety and well-being of its population, what its priorities are, and what the country’s external orientations are. In this context, the European integration of Georgia is an important issue. In a short period of time, Georgia received the status of a candidate for the European Union, and the country is successfully following the path of optimal synthesis of European values, advanced experience, sharing and establishment of achieved standards.Item Romania in European integration process (12 years in the EU)(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2019) Putkaradze, RamazThe paper analyzes economic indicators and some of the peculiarities of Romania's, one of the EU member states, economic development. Historical and contemporary aspects of Romania are presented in the paper. It is concluded that Romania's economic performance and economic situation have significantly improved over the past 12 years. Overall, the country has made significant progress. The further goals of the country are to join the Shengen zone and the eurozone. After the collapse of the socialist system, economic reforms and a large-scale fight against corruption began in Romania. Joining the European Union became the country's top foreign priority. Romania became a member of the Central European Free Trade Association (1997), NATO (2004) and the European Union (2007). Thus, Romania found its place alongside the European states and joined the EU single family. It is worth mentioning that there is still a difference between the economic indicators of old European Union countries and of Bulgaria and Romania; however, the tendency is that the gap between their development levels is decreasing. Romania's GDP increased from $ 174.6 billion in 2007 to $ 239.5 billion in 2018 and GDP per capita increased from $ 836 to $ 12,302. Other economic performance indicators of Romania have also improved. Romania accounts for 1.28% of EU GDP. It should be noted that trade and economic relations between Georgia and Romania are dynamically developing. Romania strongly supports Georgia's European and Euro-Atlantic integration processes. Romania is the first EU member state which ratified the Association Agreements between Georgia and the EU.