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- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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საქართველო გერმანულ პრესაში: Hamburger Relations-Courier (1722)
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა / Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press /, 2026) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
“Hamburger Relations-Courier”, published from 1673 onwards, emerged as one of the most significant newspapers in Northern Germany during the eighteenth century. It provided its readership with regular reports on current events in Europe and the Near East. Its pages contained diplomatic information, military reports, and commercial news. The publication was not analytical in character; rather, it relied on correspondence and consistently indicated the place of origin of its reports—Venice, Constantinople, and other cities. Reports often opened with phrases such as “it is reported,” “it is known,” or “they report again,” underscoring the mediated and indirect nature of the information. The style was concise and politically oriented. Events were seldom placed within a broader historical perspective; instead, attention focused on ongoing developments, diplomatic relations, and shifts in the balance of power. A single issue could therefore combine diplomatic correspondence from Venice, official reports from Constantinople, and editorial summaries. Alongside political news, the newspaper also included brief announcements and commercial notices, thereby fulfilling functions of both political and social communication.
Georgia was represented in the newspaper not as an independent political actor, but rather as a theatre of confrontation between imperial powers. This was particularly evident in the 3, 4, 8, and 10 December 1722 issues.
In the issue of 3 December, drawing on correspondence from Venice, the question of Georgia was presented within the context of diplomatic pressure, with Russian actions framed not only as military operations but also as a political issue demanding a response from the Ottoman Empire. In the issue of 4 December, reports received from Constantinople placed these same events within a more official framework; the capture of Tbilisi, the construction of fortifications, and the growing strategic importance of the Caucasus were described. In the issue of 8 December, the tone became more assertive, linking Georgia to questions of sovereignty, with emphasis placed on Ottoman legal claims and Russian actions. By 10 December, these various reports were consolidated into a broader political assessment, in which Georgia was presented as a decisive arena in matters of war and peace.
Taken together, these four issues illustrate how the image of Georgia in the Ger man press emerged through interconnected yet fragmented reports, with its political significance shaped by the source and nature of the information presented.
The gig economy: new opportunities for the digital transformation of companies
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2024) Grigolaia, Nino
The work is devoted to the study of the gig economy, an important part of the digital economy, which is
based on the transition to an atypical form of employment as a result of digital transformation. The inclusion
of gig workers in the company's labor resources is already a popular practice.
The increase in the number of gig workers worldwide and in Georgia has many reasons, including the
COVID-19 pandemic, which has become a driving force for business transformation, economic benefits for
the employer, etc.; special attention is paid to the transformation of the company's business models, taking
into account the opportunities and risks of the gig economy for companies when switching to remote work.
A model of digital transformation of the company is proposed that includes gig workers, which reduces
the level of uncertainty for companies and, accordingly, the impact of the variability of the digital environment.
Child welfare statistics: global challenges and trends
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2024) Charekishvili, Lia
In recent years, the Government of Georgia has significantly expanded its child benefit program, which
by 2022 covered 28.6% of all children under the age of 16. However, a concerning issue is that nearly half
(47%) of materially deprived children do not benefit from the program, potentially because their families are
considered above the poverty threshold. This gap leaves many vulnerable children without the necessary financial
support. Additionally, 15.5% of families with materially deprived children requested social assistance
in the 12 months before the survey but were denied. The Child Welfare Survey (CWS) also highlights that
5.8% of Georgian children have functional difficulties that substantially limit their daily lives. Yet, only 12.6%
of these children have an official disability status, primarily because disability determination still follows a
medical model that overlooks functional limitations and the broader psycho-social dimensions of disability.
There is a higher incidence of functional difficulties among children aged 5-17 years (6.5%) compared to younger
children aged 2-4 years (1.8%). Moreover, children experiencing material deprivation are four times
more likely to face functional difficulties (10.5%) compared to their peers from non-deprived families (2.8%).
These findings underscore the need for a more inclusive social protection system and a broader approach to
disability assessment, one that considers both medical and psycho-social factors to better support children
with disabilities.
The recent findings on children's welfare in Georgia highlight several critical issues, particularly in relation
to access to educational resources, nutrition during school hours, and healthcare. Lack of Educational
Materials: 45.3% of children do not have at least one educational item they wish for but cannot afford. The
most commonly missing items are: Laptops/computers (29.1%), Painting materials (18.5%), Books (16.5%),
and Musical instruments (10%). Nutrition during School Hours: Only 27% of children eat every day during
school hours, while 34.9% never eat. This issue is more pronounced among materially deprived children,
with 44.9% not eating during school hours compared to 28.4% of non-deprived children. Financial barriers
prevent 37.7% of materially deprived children from eating during school, compared to only 3.3% of non-deprived
children.
The findings reveal significant disparities in access to essential educational, nutritional, and medical resources
among children in Georgia, particularly those from materially deprived families. Addressing these
gaps is critical for improving children's well-being and their overall development. Educational resources such
as computers and books are vital for children’s learning, and the lack of access to these items suggests the
need for targeted support programs. School nutrition is another pressing concern, with financial difficulties
preventing a large number of children from eating during school hours. This impacts their ability to focus
and perform well academically. Healthcare access remains a challenge, even with the universal health insurance
system in place, as many families continue to struggle with the financial burden of medical services
and medication. These results emphasize the need for more comprehensive and accessible social protection
systems to support the most vulnerable children in Georgia.
The gig economy and the problems of wage taxation
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2023) Grigolaia, Nino
Two trends can be seen in the modern labor market. The first trend is the change in demand for work
skills. Basic reading and writing skills, physical labor and diplomas offer fewer and fewer employment and income
opportunities. The second trend is – companies working with digital platforms (applications) – gig economy,
which increases the differentiation of incomes, which inevitably increases the need to adjust taxation to income
tax.
It concludes that tax systems should be reformed so that the self-employed are not over-incentivized by
tax evasion, as this endangers household revenues and the social security of the population.
Comparative and statistical analysis methods were used. Data from rating and analysis agencies as well as
statistical data from OECD, Eurofund and Eurostat formed the empirical basis of the research.
Communication problems and possibilities on the example of Georgian online stores
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2023) Kinkladze, Rusudan; Markarashvili, Kakhaber
This paper discusses the communication problems faced by Georgian online stores in the digital era, as
well as the opportunities for their development and improvement. Both the importance of communication in
the field of e-commerce and its role in building trust are emphasized. The characteristics of reliable online stores
and all the barriers associated with online shopping are also highlighted. As a result of the analysis of all the
above, not only the strengths, but also the weaknesses of Georgian online stores become visible, and effective
tools for solving the problems faced by them become visible. The purpose of the paper is to present the role of
strategic communication in the success of online stores, specifically this study will examine the elements of
strategic communication and how online stores in Georgia can use different communication tools to build trust
and improve relationships with stakeholders.