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Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Recent Submissions

AI in Higher Education: Empirical Evidence of Adoption, Attitudes, and Ethical Concerns from Georgia
(SSRN (Social Science Research Network), 2026-03-03) Teimuraz Kancheli; Irakli Kancheli
The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into research and higher education has outpaced the available empirical evidence regarding its adoption, particularly within Eastern European contexts. This study addresses this scholarly gap by investigating the usage patterns, perceived advantages, and ethical concerns of the academic and professional communities in Georgia. Employing a cross-sectional online survey conducted between April and May 2025, data were gathered from a substantial sample of 950 respondents, including students, instructors, researchers, and professionals affiliated with five major Georgian universities. The analysis, utilizing descriptive statistics and confidence intervals, reveals an adoption rate of 72.6%. Dominant use cases identified were research and information retrieval (75.0%), writing and editing (44.9%), and curiosity-driven exploration (38.8%). Participants cited significant operational benefits, most notably time savings (91.4%) and a reduction in routine tasks (54.6%). However, critical concerns were raised regarding over-reliance (62.6%), the accuracy of AI outputs (53.8%), and the potential degradation of intellectual skills (37.2%). While 21.2% of the cohort expressed cautious expectations, the majority anticipate a sustained expansion of AI within the sector. Although focused on a specific academic cohort rather than the general population, this research provides essential empirical data for the development of institutional policies that reconcile technological innovation with ethical standards in both regional and global educational frameworks.
Digitalization and foreign trade resilience under geopolitical shocks: the case of Georgia
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2026) Munjishvili, Tea; Shaburishvili, Shota; Sikharulidze, Davit; Kadagishvili, Leila; Gazdeliani, Irakli; Sigua, Zviadi
This study examines how digitalization and geopolitical shocks interact to shape Georgia’s foreign trade Dynamics and transit resilience within today’s fragmented global environment. The accelerating digitalization of international trade has fundamentally transformed the mechanisms through which trade flows are generated, transmitted, and stabilized– particularly under conditions of geopolitical conflict, sanctions, and supply-chain disruptions. The Russia– Ukraine war has sharply heightened transportation risks, disrupted Black Sea logistics, and accelerated the reconfiguration of Eurasian trade corridors, positioning countries such as Georgia in a strategically sensitive yet potentially advantageous role. In this context, geographic location alone is no longer sufficient to secure sustainable economic benefits; instead, trade resilience increasingly depends on institutional efficiency, digital infrastructure, and the capacity to absorb external shocks. The theoretical foundation of this research draws on both classical and modern gravity models of international trade, as developed by Anderson and van Wincoop and further extended in contemporary empirical literature. Traditional trade theories, including Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage and the Heckscher– Ohlin model, explain specialization through factor endowments and productivity differences but remain largely static, unable to capture the dynamic effects of geopolitical risk and digital transformation. By contrast, the gravity framework offers a flexible and empirically robust structure for evaluating bilateral trade flows while accounting for both physical and institutional trade costs. In this study, the Standard gravity equation is augmented with indicators of digitalization, proxies for geopolitical risk, and measures of institutional distance to better capture the evolving determinants of Georgia’s trade and transit performance. Empirically, the study employs a multi-method econometric strategy. First, the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimator is applied to address heteroskedasticity and the prevalence of zero trade flows, which are particularly common under crisis conditions. PPML enables consistent estimation of gravity equations even when trade flows collapse due to conflict, sanctions, or logistical breakdowns. Second, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is used to correct for potential endogeneity between trade flows and factors such as digitalization or institutional quality. Lagged values of economic and institutional indicators serve as instruments ensuring that estimated coefficients capture causal relationships rather than reverse causality. Third, the econometric analysis is complemented by author-designed simulation- based gravity models (SAQ1–SAQ4), which extend classical Tinbergen-type trade equations by incorporating variables related to digitalization, data flows, trade preferences, and geopolitical constraints. The SAQ modelling framework represents a key methodological innovation of the study. SAQ2 models bilateral trade volumes as a function of GDP, population, distance, borders, trade agreements, digitalization, and data flows, while allowing coefficients to be optimized through nonlinear simulation. SAQ4 extends this approach by incorporating trade concentration and trade intensity indices, including the QGTI index adapted from Georgian trade statistics. This enables the analysis to move beyond aggregate trade volumes and assess the structural quality and diversification of Georgia’s trade relations under varying geopolitical scenarios. The empirical findings are consistent across PPML, GMM, and simulation- based models. Digital trade facilitation– measured through electronic customs systems, digital logistics platforms, and data-flow intensity– significantly mitigates the adverse effects of geopolitical shocks on bilateral trade flows. Countries and corridors with higher levels of digital integration experience smaller declines in trade volumes during periods of conflict or sanctions, underscoring the stabilizing role of digital infrastructure At the same time, the results highlight that institutional distance and regulatory fragmentation substantially constrain Georgia’s ability to convert its geographic transit advantages into sustainable economic gains. Even when digital tools reduce administrative delays, weaknesses in governance quality, regulatory harmonization, and contract enforcement continue to elevate transaction costs. The DCFTA with the European Union plays a dual role in this context. While it provides a structural framework for regulatory convergence and market access, its short-term trade effects are constrained by adjustment costs and institutional asymmetries. The models suggest that without parallel investment in digital governance and trade facilitation, DCFTA-driven liberalization alone is insufficient to generate sustained trade expansion under conditions of geopolitical stress. The discussion underscores that digitalization functions as a critical mediating mechanism between geopolitics and trade. Digital platforms reduce informational asymmetries, enhance customs transparency, and enable firms to reconfigure supply chains more rapidly in response to shocks. Yet digitalization does not automatically guarantee resilience; it must be embedded within a broader institutional ecosystem that supports interoperability, regulatory trust, and cross-border data exchange. Georgia’s experience demonstrates that partial digitalization without institutional convergence yields only limited resilience gains. From a policy perspective, the findings imply that strengthening Georgia’s role as a Eurasian transit hub requires an integrated strategy that combines digital trade facilitation, institutional reform, and geopolitical risk management. Investments in electronic customs, digital logistics, and data-driven trade administration should be aligned with deeper regulatory convergence with the European Union and regional partners. Moreover, risk-management mechanisms must be incorporated into trade governance frameworks to ensure continuity under conditions of military conflict or sanctions. In conclusion, the study shows that digitalization significantly enhances Georgia’s trade resilience in the face of geopolitical shocks, but its full economic potentialმ can only be realized when supported by institutional convergence and coordinated governance. The combination of gravity-based econometric analysis and simulation-based modelling provides robust evidence that trade sustainability in the modern era depends not only on geography but increasingly on digital and institutional capacity.
The genesis of the world monetary order from “Paris” to “Post-Jamaica” (historical-logical analysis)
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2026) Papava, Vladimer; Mekvabishvili, Elguja
The article argues that the old world order is rapidly being replaced by a new one. The previous order, established after World War II, was shaped by the global rivalry between two superpowers with opposing political and socio-economic systems: The United States and the Soviet Union. In the early 1990s, the collapse of the USSR, and, with it, the so‑called “socialist camp,” gave rise to a unipolar world order dominated by the United States, replacing the former bipolar system. At the heart of any world order lies the global economic order, understood as the systemic unity of rules, laws, norms, and the supporting infrastructure of supranational organizations that define and regulate economic relations among states. The unipolar order that emerged carried a distinctly liberal character, sustained by a global economic framework rooted in free trade. The article conceptualizes the international economic order as the integration of global trade, financial, and monetary systems. It traces the historical development of the global monetary order, from the Paris monetary orderto the post-Jamaica monetary order, emphasizing how each subsequent order arose as an attempt to resolve the systemic contradictions inherent in its predecessor while maintaining essential connections to the previous system. Before the COVID‑19 pandemic, the US‑led unipolar world order propelled a phase of hyperglobalization, reinforcing the central role of the US dollar in the global economy. In this context, the dollar’s clear dominance in both international trade and global foreignexchange reserves can be described as “monetary globalization.” However, Western sanctions imposed on Russia began to challenge this dominance. The outbreak of Russia’s war in Ukraine ushered in a phase of confrontational globalization, accelerating the shift toward a multipolar structure: a transformation that inevitably impacted the global monetary order. Currency geopolitics, where geopolitical factors increasingly shape both the currencies used in international trade and the composition of foreign exchange reserves, is not a new phenomenon. Since the First World War, geopolitical motives have played a significant role in determining the choice of international currency. Although the geopolitical dimension remains influential in the era of currency globalization, it does not fully dominate the system. This suggests that currency globalization and currency geopolitics are complementary forces, with one generally prevailing over the other at any given historical moment. In the current uncertain geopolitical landscape, coupled with the risks stemming from Western sanctions against Russia, two notable developments are emerging: the accumulation of gold as an alternative reserve asset, and the growing use of diverse currencies in international trade. The euro, however, cannot be regarded as a reliable universal reserve asset. Structural and political limitations within the European Union, particularly the absence of coordinated fiscal policies among member states, undermine its stability and diminish its appeal as a viable alternative to the US dollar. China’s expanding role in global trade has fueled the rise of the yuan as an international currency. Nevertheless, objective constraints, such as strict government controls on capital flows, limited transparency in financial markets, and the centralization of one‑party political power, make many countries hesitant to adopt it as a reserve currency. The BRICS nations have announced plans to establish a new reserve currency, backed by a basket of their national currencies and gold. Yet unresolved institutional, organizational, and technical challenges leave that initiative far from realization. Three key conclusions emerge. First, a new world monetary order is taking shape, combining elements of monetary globalization and currency geopolitics, with the latter assuming a dominant role. Second, the growing geopolitical dimension of currency cannot be ignored. Third, while the future global monetary system is likely to be multipolar, the US dollar will, at least in the short to medium term, continue to hold its position as the primary instrument of international trade settlement and the world’s principal reserve currency.
Waste management as a prerequisite for the development of the green economy in Georgia
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2026) Kobakhidze, Elene
This article examines the current state of the waste management system in Georgia within the broader context of green economy development and sustainable development goals. Waste management is approached as a multidimensional challenge that combines ecological responsibility with economic rationality. From an environmental standpoint, inefficientმ waste management contributes to land, water, and air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and long-term ecological degradation. From an economic standpoint, waste is increasingly regarded as a resource within the circular economy model, where materials are reused, recycled, or recovered to reduce dependence on primary resources and enhance economic efficiency. The theoretical foundation of this study rests on the principles of the green and circular economy. The green economy emphasizes sustainable growth, resource efficiency, and environmental protection, while the circular economy advocates for closed-loop systems in which waste generation is minimized and materials remain in productive use for as long as possible. The article highlights the importance of institutional reforms in Georgia, particularly the adoption of the Waste Management Code and the National Waste Management Strategy (2016–2030). These initiatives aim to align national legislation with European Union directives and international environmental standards. Together, they establish the institutional framework for transforming Georgia’s waste management system from a linear “produce–consume–dispose” model into a more sustainable and resource-efficient structure. The empirical component of the research employs a quantitative methodology. Data were collected through a structured online questionnaire distributed across multiple regions of Georgia, involving 1,167 respondents. The dataset was processed using descriptive statistical methods and analyzed through percentage distribution. The empirical analysis explores demographic characteristics (age, gender, and regional distribution), levels of awareness regarding green economy concepts, knowledge of legal and strategic waste management documents, behavioral practices related to waste separation, perceptions of recycling, and the identification of key barriers that hinder active participation in waste management processes. The findings reveal that awareness of the term “green economy” is relatively high among respondents, with the majority reporting familiarity with the concept. Nevertheless, a significant gap persists between general environmental awareness and knowledge of formal institutional frameworks. Awareness of the Waste Management Code and the National Waste Management Strategy remains comparatively low, indicating limited public communication and insufficient integration of environmental policy information into public discourse. This discrepancy underscores the need for stronger institutional outreach and enhanced environmental education. In terms of behavioral practices, the results show that household waste separationis not yet a consistent or widespread habit. While some respondents report always or frequently separating waste, a considerable proportion do so only occasionallyor not at all. This suggests that positive environmental attitudes do not automatically translate into stable behavioral patterns. The inconsistency of waste separation practices reflects structural limitations within the system rather than a lack of environmental concern. A central analytical focus of the study is the identification of barriers to household waste separation. The most frequently cited obstacle is the lack of adequate infrastructure, particularly limited Access to separate waste collection containers and organized recycling systems. This finding highlights the structural nature of the challenge, as behavioral change is unlikely to occur without fundamental infrastructural support. Time constraints and inconvenience emerge as another significant barrier, indicating that waste separation is often perceived as an additional burden rather than an integrated aspect of daily routines. Limited information and insufficient environmental awareness further contribute to low participation rates. In addition, motivational factors play a role, with some respondents expressing skepticism about the effectiveness of individual efforts in influencing broader systemic outcomes. The study also explores public perceptions of recycling in relation to economic development. A substantial majority of respondents regard recycling as important or very important for economic growth. This perspective reflects a growing recognition of recycling as a driver of job creation, local industry development, reduced dependence on imports, optimization of municipal expenditures, and more efficient resource utilization. The findings suggest that waste management is increasingly understood not only as an environmental necessity but also as a strategic economic opportunity within the broader green transformation agenda. The discussion highlights the structural and institutional challenges that continue to hinder the effective implementation of sustainable waste management practices. Although legislative and strategic frameworks have been established, their practical application remains uneven. Regional disparities, inadequate infrastructure, limited enforcement mechanisms, and gaps in public awareness persist as barriers to systemic progress. The research underscores the need for a comprehensive policy approach that integrates infrastructural development, institutional strengthening, and environmental education to achieve meaningful and lasting improvements in waste management. In conclusion, the article demonstrates that effective waste management is a critical prerequisite for ensuring environmental safety, advancing economic sustainability, and achieving a successful green transformation in Georgia. The transition towards circular economy requires coordinated efforts across both institutional and societal levels. Expanding infrastructure, improving communication of legal frameworks, strengthening public awareness, and fostering citizen engagement are essential steps in building a sustainable waste management system. The empirical findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and contribute meaningfully to the broader discourse on green economy development in transitional economies.
On the issue of investment efficiency in securities
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2026) Gogokhia, Maya
A financial market is a specialized sphere of monetary operations where transactions channel surplus funds from households, corporations, and government entities into financial assets, benefiting the recipients. Its primary purpose is to ensure the steady flow of capital investments into enterprises within the real sector of the economy. Each year, countries increase their borrowing in financial markets. Most firms engaged in securities operations are well-established and hold strong positions in the stock industry. Nevertheless, the functioning of stock markets is ultimately shaped by diverse business sectors and government policies. Investors seek security, high returns, and liquidity for their investments, yet economic principles rarely allow these conditions to coexist fully. At present, foreign currency–denominated bonds, held by a broad range of investors, demonstrate significantly higher liquidity compared to bonds denominated in Georgian Lari (GEL), which are primarily concentrated among a few institutional investors. Over the past decade, Georgia’s corporate bond market has grown substantially, with the expansion of retail investor participation seen as essential for its continued progress. This article explores the role of investment bankers, the importance of specialized investment funds, the Dynamics of active and passive portfolio management, and diversification – one of the central concepts in modern portfolio theory. Special attention is devoted to foreign Exchange risk in relation to foreign securities, hedging strategies, and influencing factors. The considerable impact of taxation and inflation on investment decisions and outcomes is highlighted, with emphasis on the need for comprehensive research into the relationship between interest rates and inflation. The article also underscores reforms in Georgia’s securities market regulatory framework and amendments to the Tax Code introducing tax benefits for debt and equity instruments. The growing interest in investment – both globally and in Georgia – particularly in corporate bonds, reflects increasing confidence in local companies. Moreover, the establishment of the International Securities Central Depository (ISCD) in Georgia is expected to significantly enhance international investors’ Access to the Georgian capital market. The conclusion affirms the effectiveness of international diversification: while full interconnection of national economies would cause stock markets to move uniformly, limiting potential gains, in practice international diversification remains profitable. Recommendations are offered to safeguard investors’ interests. These include restoring the provision in the Securities Market Law that required public securities trading exclusively on the stock exchange, since off- Exchange fixing rendered information less reliable and often artificial, hindering market development in Georgia. The creation of an investor protection corporation is also proposed, tasked with insuring broker clients’ and Exchange members’ accounts against losses from brokerage insolvency. Finally, the introduction of electronic trading platforms is deemed crucial, as they would enhance pre- and post- trade transparency, reduce bid- ask spreads and commissions, and make bonds more accessible and tradable for investors.