სვანური -გარ და ქართული -ღა ნაწილაკების სემანტიკურ-ფუნქციური ურთიერთმიმართებისათვის
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Date
2024-01-08
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ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
Abstract
Like Georgian, the Svan particles are either suffixes or separate
elements found with the noun and verb. Due to their archaic nature,
changed semantics or expansion of meaning (in one language or the
other), the Svan particles only partially correlate with their phonetic
equivalent in Georgian. Among such particles is -გარ -gar. According
to special literature, both materially and functionally, this particle is
considered as equal to the Georgian particle -ღა -γa. Like Georgian,
this Svan particle follows the word it is related to. However, according
to the spelling rules, it is written separately. At a glance, the area of
function of this Svan particle is broader as compared to the Georgian
particle, because, when we translate the Svan forms with this particle,
taking into account the context, the Georgian analogues of this Svan particle include not only the particle -ღა -γa, but also the lexemes
მხოლოდ mxolod “solely” and მარტო mart’o “only”.
In my opinion, the situation with regard to the Svan particle is
archaic: in Georgian, at a certain stage of language development, the
archaic -ღა /-γa / was mostly replaced by the lexemes მხოლოდ
mxolod “solely” and მარტო marto “only”. However, the Svan language
does not have any lexemes correlated to მხოლოდ mkholod
“solely” and mart’o “only”. Instead, the particle -გარ -gar (-ღა -γa) is
used in all contexts.
When speaking in Georgian, the Svan speaker will rarely use the
forms with the particle -ღა -γa or the lexeme მხოლოდ mxolod
“solely” (even in Georgian, such forms belong to the literary language
rather than oral speech). Therefore, the Svan speaker of Georgian will
chiefly use the lexeme მარტო mart’o “only”. The place of the latter
lexeme in a sentence is defined on the basis of the Svan language, i.e.
in the Georgian speech of the Svan speaker, the lexeme მარტო mart’o
“only” follows the word which is followed by -გარ -gar in Svan. Thus,
we get the calque of the Svan and, correspondingly, a stylistically
wrong Georgian sentence. In some cases, this fact affects the content.
For instance: instead of the correct sentence გიორგი გუშინ უდა
მოსულიყო giorgi gušin unda mosulix’o, magram dγesγa moaγc’ia /
mxolod dγes moaγc’ia “Giorgi was to come yesterday, but he came
here only today”, the Svan speaker of Georgian says: დღეს მარტო
მოაღწია dγes mart’o moaγc’ia “He came today only”; Instead of
saying ესღა დამრჩა esγa damrča “only this remains”, the Svan speaker
of Georgian will say ეს მარტო დამრჩა es mart’o damrča “this only
remains”; instead of მარტო (/მხოლოდ) ეს წავიკითხე mart’o
(/mxolod) es c’avik’itxe “I only read this”, the Svan speaker says ეს
მარტო წავიკითხე es mart’o c’avik’itxe “this only I read”...
As it turned out, the reason for the calquing is the stable place
of the Svan particle in the construction rather than lexical noncorrespondence.
Thus, the above-mentioned non-correspondence between the
literary language and oral speech and the lexical units of the nonwritten language (with regard to both the function and the place in a
sentence) and the so-called “free spaces” (“gaps”) can lead to stylistic
discrepancy and calquing not only in languages of different structures
but also in the related languages.
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სამეცნიერო სესია, მიძღვნილი აკადემიკოს ვარლამ თოფურიას ხსოვნისადმი, მასალები, თბილისი, 2024, გვ. 10-14 / Scientific Session Dedicated to the Memory of Academician Varlam Topuria, Proceedings, Tbilisi, 2024, pp. 10-14