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საქართველოს ისტორიის ფრაგმენტები გერმანულ ჟურნალში “Einleitung zur neuesten Historie der Welt” (1723–1724).
(2026) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
In eighteenth-century German periodicals, Georgia emerges within a politically and symbolically charged narrative that integrates military events, diplomatic reports, geopolitical interests, and historical-religious conceptions into a coherent whole. From this perspective, particular significance attaches to the 1723-1724 issues of the journal “Einleitung zur neuesten Historie der Welt”, in which the theme of Georgia unfolds across various contexts. In the publications of 1723, Georgia is presented as one of the principal targets of Ottoman expansion; however, internal contradictions are evident within the reports. On the one hand, reference is made to the population’s “voluntary submission” and the peaceful integration of the “province”; on the other, to the capture of Tbilisi through deception and violence. These mutually contradictory accounts indicate that the German press perceived Georgia as an unstable and shifting environment in which political interests and modes of conveying infor mation are closely intertwined. Within this context, particular attention is drawn to the portrayal of the Kartlian nobility. The flight of the ruler of Kartli, the conversion of his son, and the imposition of tribute demonstrate that Georgia was not merely a passive object in imperial rivalries. Rather, it appears as a setting in which local actors were compelled to make strategic choices among the interests of the Ottoman Empire, Persia, and Russia, thereby turning the country into an active arena of political contestation. In the issues of 1724, Georgia is placed within a broader Caucasian and Near Eastern geopolitical context. It is associated with the fall of Isfahan, the military crisis of Persia, and the shifts in power within the Caspian region. The inclusion of the Russian factor further reinforces Georgia’s significance within the balance of power among empires, even though its role is often conveyed indirectly and by implication. At the same time, Georgia is considered as a geographically defined country connected with biblical traditions. Thus, its depiction is no longer confined to military and geopolitical matters but acquires historical and religious significance as well. The journal’s publications of 1723-1724 demonstrate that, in the German press, Georgia is characterized as an active participant in ongoing events, whose portrayal is shaped by the interplay of reports and their interpretations.
“ქრისტიანული ქვეყანა აღმოსავლეთში“: XVIII საუკუნის გერმანული პერიოდიკა როგორც საქართველოს ისტორიის წყარო
(2026) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
This article explores eighteenth-century German-language periodicals as sources for the history of Georgia, focusing on the formula that depicted the country as a “Christian country in the East.” It argues that this confessional label functioned as an interpretive framework through which political, religious, and cultural information about Georgia was organized and simplified in European public discourse. Drawing on examples from historical, political, and scholarly journals, the study shows how reports based on diplomatic correspondence, travellers’ accounts, and firsthand observations (including those by Güldenstädt and Reineggs) constructed a hybrid informational space combining mediated knowledge with direct experience. The analysis traces the transformation of the “Christian country” narrative from a religious-symbolic image, exemplified by biblical geography and martyrdom stories, to an increasingly politicized discourse in the context of Ottoman–Persian rivalries and Russian expansion. The article concludes that German periodicals reveal a dynamic and evolving perception of Georgia, shaped by changing confessional, intellectual, and geopolitical contexts of the eighteenth century.
საქართველო გერმანულ პრესაში: Hamburger Relations-Courier (1722)
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა / Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press /, 2026) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
“Hamburger Relations-Courier”, published from 1673 onwards, emerged as one of the most significant newspapers in Northern Germany during the eighteenth century. It provided its readership with regular reports on current events in Europe and the Near East. Its pages contained diplomatic information, military reports, and commercial news. The publication was not analytical in character; rather, it relied on correspondence and consistently indicated the place of origin of its reports—Venice, Constantinople, and other cities. Reports often opened with phrases such as “it is reported,” “it is known,” or “they report again,” underscoring the mediated and indirect nature of the information. The style was concise and politically oriented. Events were seldom placed within a broader historical perspective; instead, attention focused on ongoing developments, diplomatic relations, and shifts in the balance of power. A single issue could therefore combine diplomatic correspondence from Venice, official reports from Constantinople, and editorial summaries. Alongside political news, the newspaper also included brief announcements and commercial notices, thereby fulfilling functions of both political and social communication. Georgia was represented in the newspaper not as an independent political actor, but rather as a theatre of confrontation between imperial powers. This was particularly evident in the 3, 4, 8, and 10 December 1722 issues. In the issue of 3 December, drawing on correspondence from Venice, the question of Georgia was presented within the context of diplomatic pressure, with Russian actions framed not only as military operations but also as a political issue demanding a response from the Ottoman Empire. In the issue of 4 December, reports received from Constantinople placed these same events within a more official framework; the capture of Tbilisi, the construction of fortifications, and the growing strategic importance of the Caucasus were described. In the issue of 8 December, the tone became more assertive, linking Georgia to questions of sovereignty, with emphasis placed on Ottoman legal claims and Russian actions. By 10 December, these various reports were consolidated into a broader political assessment, in which Georgia was presented as a decisive arena in matters of war and peace. Taken together, these four issues illustrate how the image of Georgia in the Ger man press emerged through interconnected yet fragmented reports, with its political significance shaped by the source and nature of the information presented.
ეკატერინა ლაჩინოვას აკრძალული წიგნი: XIX საუკუნის კავკასიური ომის ისტორიები
(საქართველოს უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2025) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
Motivated by the events unfolding in the Caucasus since the turn of the century, Russian literature dedicated a significant part of its attention to the region in the first half of the 19th century. driven The article examines the novel pamphlet “Escapades in the Caucasus”, released in Russia in early 1844. Its author, Ekaterina Lachinova, wrote under the pseudonym E.Khamar-Dabanov. The book was later translated into German and published in Leipzig in 1846 under the title ”Muscovites and Circassians,”providing information about this unjust conquest war to European readers. This article aims to analyse the pressing concerns brought up in the work of the Russian in light of a specific period of the Caucasian War. Throughout the research process, the study used historical-critical, historical-comparative and narrative methodologies. The publication of the novel caused a great deal of controversy among the authorities, almost the whole print run was destroyed shortly after its release. The work exposed the little-known facts of the Caucasian War in the late 1830s and early 1840s to the public. At the time of its release, the author’s background and reasons for authoring the novel were not well understood. However, later on, the book caught the attention of numerous scholars. The events and characters portrayed in the novel were not fictional but drawn from real life. Lachinova vividly described the brutality of Russian officers and officials, bureaucratic ineptitude, and the looting and violence they committed. At the same time, she criticized the Circassians, who were the target of the Russian army battle. Ultimately, the novel condemns the absurdity of this kind of conflict.
MEDEA ON THE MODERN GEORGIAN STAGE
(Logos /ლოგოსი, 2017-09-17) Shamanidi, Sophie
The Martyrdom of Queen Ketevan in the European Press: The Narrative in a 1731 German Journal
(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press / ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2026-01-16) Kandelaki, Dali / კანდელაკი, დალი
რუსული ჯარი კავკასიაში: რუსი მწერლების შეფასებები და ისტორიები
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2025-02-07) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
In the 19th century, the Caucasus emerged as a pivotal region for the Russian Empire, occupying a central place in its military and political strategy. The conquest of the Caucasus, spanning nearly a century and a half, was a multifaceted and prolonged process, characterized by the intersection of colonial ambitions, national liberation struggles, and religious, social, civilizational, and ethnic conflicts. Despite the changes in the combat situation in the Caucasus, there has always been a permanent participant there – the Russian army, which gives reason to consider it as an independent factor in the wars against the Caucasus region. Many facts about the actions of the Russian army in the Caucasus two centuries ago are vividly captured in the works of 19th-century Russian writers. They often wrote about their impressions, emphasizing the difficulties that the Russian army faced. The authors also wrote about the strategy and tactics of the Russian army. They unanimously noted the difficulty of military operations in the mountainous terrain. Their works place significant emphasis on the relationship between the Russian army and the local population. Some authors advocated for the use of severe measures to suppress resistance of those who fought for their freedom, endorsing actions such as deporting local communities and even destroying their homes. In contrast, others expressed sympathy for the indigenous population, describing them as proud and freedom-loving. These authors highlighted the cultural differences, and the challenges encountered during the region’s integration into the Russian Empire. Russian authors held diverse opinions on the army’s actions, ranging from critical assessments to patriotic admiration. Many conveyed ambivalences, recognizing the effectiveness of the Russian strategy while condemning the methods used to implement it. “This should have happened long ago. We have tolerated the wicked for centuries; now it’s time to enjoy the use of weapons.” This statement, reflecting the prevailing sentiment among Russian soldiers prior to the capture of the city of Ganja, is cited by the Russian writer Pyotr Mukhanov (1799–1854) in his essay, “The Capture of Ganja (Letter to R**)”. This single phrase alone clearly conveys their attitude towards the region and its Muslim population. The essay is based on the account of Valerian Madatov, an eyewitness to this battle. The author discusses the strategic significance of the Caucasus region and the objectives of the Russian Empire. He provides a detailed account of the political landscape, the siege of Ganja, and the events that followed, including specific dates and key figures. Additionally, he examines the interactions between the Russians and the local population, shedding light on their traditions and moral values. The essay says that the Russian army was distinguished by its organized strategy, endurance and strength, although its actions were often brutal and overbearing. In 1844, the novel-pamphlet “Escapades in the Caucasus” was published in Russia, authored by E. Khamar-Dabanov, the pen name of writer Ekaterina Lachinova. The events described in the novel unfold between 1838 and 1842. Despite the information spread in society about the Caucasian War, the Russian writer remained with unanswered questions: Why was the Russian army engaged in this conflict, and what drove them to wage war against the Caucasians? Why did the war persist endlessly, despite Russian successes and the subjugation of certain Caucasian peoples? Under the pseudonym E. Khamar-Dabanov, Ekaterina Lachinova undertook a truly courageous act by publishing a novel that revealed the darker aspects of the Caucasian War: cruelty, bureaucratic incompetence, theft, violence, and the cowardice of Russian officers and officials. E. Lachinova’s work – a novel-pamphlet full of bold ideas – was a challenge to the king and his entourage. The author painted a ruthless portrait of vulgar, repugnant, selfish and hypocritical individuals. Through the stories in her novel, she exposed the incompetence of the imperial administration, the lawlessness and corruption of officials, and the mediocrity of generals and officers. The literary works of these and other 19th-century Russian writers serve as invaluable sources for understanding the geopolitical and cultural dimensions and context of the Caucasian campaigns. They illuminate nuanced insights of the region’s history through the perspectives of both the conquerors and the conquered.
ტიფლისიდან ერივანამდე: ეკატერინა ლაჩინოვას უცნობი ხელნაწერი
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა / Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2025-04-23) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
The essay “The Road from Tiflis to Erivan. Erivan in 1839. The Monastery of Etchmiadzin”, written in 1839 by Ekaterina Lachinova (1810–1896), is a unique historical and literary source that reflects the social, political, and cultural environment of the Caucasus region in the late 1830s. The writer resided in the Caucasus between 1836 and 1840 with her husband, General Nikolai Emilianovich Lachinov of the Separate Caucasian Corps. Her close connections with high-ranking civil and military officials allowed her to observe regional events and imperial policies firsthand. Lachinova is also known by her pseudonym, “E. Khamar-Dabanov”, under which she published the novel-pamphlet “Escapades in the Caucasus“in 1844, a kind of chronicle of the military events of the Caucasian War. The essay, originally written in Russian, was translated into French by the author herself and gifted in May 1840 to the English traveler Anne Lister (1791–1840) during her stay in Tbilisi. In 2022, this manuscript was discovered in the British National Archives by Russian art historian Olga Khoroshilova and translated it into Russian. It was subsequently published in 2024 by literary scholar Valentina Malakhova in the book “Gorodishko”. E. Lachinova’s essay has not been translated into Georgian and is unknown to representatives of the scientific field. The writer provides a detailed description of her journey from Tbilisi to Erivan, depicting the natural landscape, settlements, and architectural monuments along the way. Special attention is given to the description of the Sardar’s Palace in Erivan, the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, and Armenia’s historical heritage in general. The author recounts the history of Erivan Fortress, which was captured by the Russians from the Persians in 1827, and extensively characterizes Sardar’s Palace, which at the time housed the Russian imperial administration. Of particular note is the Mirror Hall, decorated with portraits of shahs and Persian heroes. The essay also includes an episode about Emperor Nikolai I’s visit to Erivan: Ekaterina Lachinova discovered a framed inscription embedded in the wall of the former Sardar’s Palace, protected under glass, which read: “Nikolai, October 5, 1837.” She notes that the Armenians preserved this inscription under glass, attributing great significance to it. E. Lachinova describes her visit to Erivan’s mosques, one of which had been converted into an arsenal, while the other remained in use. She was unable to visit Geghard Monastery herself but recounts its description based on local accounts. On her journey to the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, the provincial governor assigned her an escort of twenty Muslim horsemen. The writer provides a detailed description of the monastery’s architecture, library, printing house, theological seminary, refectory and cemetery. She saw portraits of the Russian Emperor, General Golovin, Prince Paskevich, and Baron Rosen displayed in the monastery gallery. Traveler also recounts her meeting with the 80-year-old Catholicos and attended a religious service, which she describes as a blend of Greek Orthodox and Catholic traditions. The essay also mentions the memorial dedicated to Russian officers who perished defending Etchmiadzin from the Persians in 1828. Additionally, the writer describes the region’s economy, noting cotton and rice as the principal products of Armenia’s province. Ekaterina Lachinova’s work is an important source for studying the history of the Caucasus in the 19th century, Russian imperial policy, and the cultural heritage of the region’s peoples. Her text, to some extent, contains elements of imperial propaganda – portraying Russian administration in a positive light while sometimes approaching local culture with a superficial perspective. Nevertheless, this essay occupies a significant place not only in travel literature but also among historical sources on the region. It not only complements other contemporary works about the Caucasus but also highlights Ekaterina Lachinova’s keen observational skills and literary talent.
Congress of the Roman Frontier Studies/Limes Congress XXVI September 8-14, 2024 Batumi, Georgia
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Phiphia, Natia; Dundua, Tedo
International Scientific Conference “Georgia and European Integration: Past, Present, Future” December 22, 2023
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Tavadze, Leri; Dundua, Tedo
Towards New National Identity of Georgia
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Tavadze, Leri
У истоков грузино-литовских межгосударственных взаимоотношений (1494 г.)
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Джавахишвили, Николай
Euro-Asian Transit and Georgian Finances
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Dundua, Tedo; Avdaliani, Emil
Georgia’s Fully Convertible Currencies
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Dundua, Tedo
Georgia es una vía de paso cómoda para el petróleo asiático hacia la industria europea
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024) Dundua, Tedo; Avdaliani, Emil
ეკატერინა ლაჩინოვას აკრძალული წიგნი: XIX საუკუნის კავკასიური ომის ისტორიები
(2024-11) კანდელაკი, დალი / Kandelaki, Dali
The novel pamphlet “Escapades in the Caucasus” was published in Russia at the beginning of 1844. The author, Ekaterina Lachinova, was the wife of Nikolai Lachinov, the general of the Caucasus Separate Corps. The author chose the pseudonym E. Khamar-Dabanov (inspired by the Khamar-Daban mountains in Siberia). The work revealed the behind-the-scenes stories of the Caucasian War in the late 30s and early 40s of the 19th century to the general public. Immediately after publication, almost the entire edition of the book was destroyed. Emperor Nicholai I remarked about the book: “We know nothing about the Caucasus, and this lady opens our eyes”. The military minister, A. Chernishev, despite his objective evaluation, expressed his anger: "This book is all the more harmful because every line in it is true!" What provoked such government outrage? The novel exposed the incompetence of the imperial administration, the arbitrariness and corruption of officials, and the mediocrity of generals and officers. The Author revealed the unvarnished truth about the Caucasian War, details of which were meticulously hidden by Russian high officials. The book portrayed the unembellished reality, raising unanswered questions within Russian society: What was the Russian army truly fighting for? What motivated them in their conflict with the Caucasians? Why did the war drag on endlessly if the Russians claimed repeated victories and even subjugated some Caucasian peoples? How were the ranks of the mountaineers replenished despite heavy casualties in every skirmish? The book illuminated these mysteries, highlighting the lack of unity in government actions in the Caucasus. Each chief pursued his own policy and conducted his own war. The military leadership found this truth undesirable as they recognized themselves in the characters of the work. The events and personalities depicted in the Novel-Pamphlet were based on real-life examples. Lachinova did not always change the names of the individuals involved. She condemned the senselessness of the war in her novel. The book was published in Leipzig in 1846, in German under the title – "Muscovites and Circassians". Making information about this unjust and aggressive war accessible to European readers. In Russian, the book saw its second publication during the Soviet era in 1986 and is now considered a bibliographic rarity.
References of Foreign Authors of XVIII – XIX Centuries about Iberia
(Ltd InterprintGeorgia, 2024) Kandelaki, Dali / კანდელაკი, დალი
References made by foreign authors during the 18th and 19th centuries provide insights into the nomenclature of Georgia and its various regions. The opinions expressed by these travelers and scientists exhibit a range of perspectives. While some identify "Iberia" with Kartli, others associate it with Imereti or the entirety of Georgia. Although these historical accounts lack comprehensive details, each author attempts to contribute to the understanding of Iberia's history and to introduce the reader to it. Noteworthy interpretations are presented by Jacob Reineggs, Johann Adam Bergk, Georg August von Breitenbauch, Alexandre Dumas, Charles-Paulus Bélanger, Marjory Wardrop and other authors.Despite the limited number of references, it is evident that foreign authors of the 18th - 19th centuries held diverse opinions regarding the nomenclature and origins of Georgia and its regions. Their interpretations often involved connecting ancient accounts with contemporary circumstances, subjecting some to critical evaluation. XVIII - XIX საუკუნეების უცხოელ ავტორთა - მოგზაურთა და მეცნიერთა - ნაშრომებში არაერთი ცნობა გვხვდება ზოგადად საქართველოს და ქვეყნის ამა თუ იმ მხარის სახელწოდების შესახებ. მრავალფეროვანია მათი მოსაზრებები: ზოგისთვის „იბერია“ - ქართლია, სხვებისთვის - იმერეთი ან მთლიანი საქართველოს აღმნიშვნელი სახელი. მათ არ მოყავთ ყოვლისმომცველი და ამომწურავი ინფორმაცია იბერიის შესახებ, მაგრამ თითოეულ ავტორს აქვს მცდელობა შეავსოს არსებული სიცარიელე ამ საკითხზე და მკითხველს გააცნოს საქართველოს წარმოშობის და მისი სახელწოდებების ისტორია. საინტერესო ვერსიებს გვთავაზობენ - იაკობ რაინეგსი, იოჰან ადამ ბერგკი, გეორგ აუგუსტ ფონ ბრაიტენბაუხი, ალექსანდრ დიუმა, შარლ-პაულუს ბელანჟე, მარჯორი უორდროპი და სხვა ავტორები.მოყვანილი მცირე რაოდენობის ცნობების საფუძველზეც კი შეგვიძლია დავასკვნათ, რომ XVIII - XIX საუკუნეების უცხოელ ავტორებს ჰქონდათ განსხვავებული მოსაზრებები საქართველოს და მისი ამა თუ იმ მხარის სახელწოდების და წარმოშობის შესახებ. ხშირად ისინი ანტიკურ ავტორთა ცნობებს თანამედროვე ვითარებას უკავშირებდნენ და ზოგ მათგანს კრიტიკულადაც აფასებდნენ.
ახალგაზრდა მეცნიერთა V საერთაშორისო სიმპოზიუმი ჰუმანიტარულ მეცნიერებებში. შრომები
(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2024)
The Silence of Singing Birds: Music as a Sign of Human and Animal Feelings in Folktales
(2024-10-09) Gogiashvili, Elene; Jvania, Nino
The Screen Transformations of the Folktale Type ATU 901 The Taming of the Shrew
(2024-05-24) Gogiashvili, Elene

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