ჯდომის“ აღმნიშვნელი ზმნები ქართულში (ძირითადი მნიშვნელობა და გაფართოების არეალი)
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2024-01-08
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ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
Abstract
The verbs denoting “sitting”, like verbs denoting “standing” and
“lying”, belong to the archaic layer of language and are characterized
by numerous peculiarities. These verbs are termed as verbs of
“position“, since they denote three different positions of the object (in
a broad sense) in space: vertical – standing, horizontal – lying and
intermediate – sitting. Most studies agree on the anthropocentric basis
of the posture verbs: their prototypical meaning pertains to the three
typical positions of a human being (Lemmens, 2002, 2).
It should be noted that typologically these verbs are characterized
by semantic extension. The results of such extension are, on the one
hand, metaphorization, and, on the other hand, grammaticalization.
Recently, investigation of these verbs within the scope of cognitive
linguistics has become especially active.
Newman has distinguished four cognitive domains relevant for the
interpretation of the basic meanings of these three positional verbs.
These domains are: the spatio-temporal domain, force dynamics domain,
active zone and social/cultural domain. Based on this scheme,
the chief meaning of the verb of “sitting” is defined as follows:
Spatio-temporal domain – relativaly compact position;
Force dynamics domain –medium degree of control and balance;
Active zone – buttocks (and upper torso); Social/cultural domain – comfortable position either for working
or relaxing (Newman, 2012, 2).
This is the basic meaning of “sitting”. As for the lexicalization of
this meaning, it can be expressed by different lexical means in different
languages. It should be noted that such lexical diversity is especially
peculiar of the verbs of sitting.
In Georgian, the verbs of sitting reveal interesting meanings. Under
these verbs, we mean the verb ზის (is sitting), as well as auto-causative
verb ჯდება (sits down) and causative verb სვამს (seats, offers to sit
down). Above all, we should mention that in all Kartvelian languages,
the verbs of standing and lying are based on common roots1. However,
there are different roots for the verbs of sitting:
Georgian – ზის zis
Megrelian – (გე)ხე(ნ) (ge)khe(n)
Laz – გეხენ gekhen
Svan – სგურ sgur
In Georgian, there are two verbs expressing sitting. One is ზის zis,
referring to one person, and სხედ skhed, referring to the plural.
Besides, unlike the verbs დგას dgas “stands” and ძევს dzevs
“lies”, the verbs of sitting were not used in old Georgian in the meaning
of possession.
In modern Georgian, the verb ზის zis “sits” has the following
meanings:
1. The state of a person leaning upon some solid object with the
lower part of the body (buttocks); staying in some place, for instance, in
prison; occupying a certain post (the King, the Patriarch, the Catholicos...). 2. The state of an animal leaning on its hind legs, or the state of a
bird, insect, reptile, rodent or amphibian which is motionless, leaning
upon something with its legs.
3. In case of an inanimate subject, placed in something; established.
When the verb ზის zis “sits” refers to a person, in the majority of
cases, it denotes not the so-called “compact” position, but restricted
movement or restricted area of action.
When referring to other animate subjects, this verb denotes stillness
and restricted movement in space.
As for old Georgian, Ilia Abuladze considers “establishment” as one
of the basic meanings of this verb (Abuladze, 1973, p. 573). There are cases
when the verb of sitting is found together with the verbs of
movement:
ჯდომაჲ შენი და გამოსლვაჲ და შესლვაჲ შენი უწყი. O მფ. 19,27
Ǯdomaj šeni da gamoslvaj da šeslvaj šeni uçqi. O mp. 19,27.
“I am aware of your sitting and coming out and entering”. O Book
of the Kings, 19, 27;
ნუ განიშორებ მას ნუცა სლვასა და ნუცა ჯდომასა. მ.სწ. 62,13.
nu ganišoreb mas nuca slvasa da nuca Ǯdomasa. m. sç. 62,13.
“Do not refuse either walking or sitting”. Teachings of the Holy
Fathers, 62, 13;
რამეთუ ვითარცა კაცნი არ განიყოფვიან ურთიერთას, ხოლო
ვითარცა რომელიმე ნუუკუე ზის, ხოლო რომელიმე ვალს,
განიყოფვიან. ამონიოს ერმისი, 39
rametu vitarca kacni ar ganiqopebian urtiertas, kholo vitarca
romelime zis, kholo romelime vals, ganiqopebian amonios emisi, 39.
“People are not divided, but if someone is sitting, and someone is
walking, they are separated”. Amonios Ermis, 39.
Sitting on the back of a certain animal (e.g. horse) is denoted by
the prefixes ზე/ზედა ze/zeda.
რომელნი-იგი ზე-სხდეს ჰუნებსა ფს.75,7.
romelni-igi ze-skhdes hunebsa ps.75,7
“Those who sit on horseback. Psalm 75, 7”;
მეუფჱ შენი მოვალს შენდა მშჳდი და ზე ზის იგი ვირსა და
კიცუსა მ. 21,5. meupej šeni movals šenda mšwidi da ze zis igi virsa da kicusa m
2,51
“Your King comes to you, gentle and riding on a donkey and on a
colt the foal of a donkey”. Mathew, 21, 51.
Thus, in Old Georgian, the verbs of sitting chiefly denoted a state
when movement in space is restricted or the area of action is limited.
These meanings were developed as a result of extension of the basic
meaning.
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სამეცნიერო სესია, მიძღვნილი აკადემიკოს ვარლამ თოფურიას ხსოვნისადმი, მასალები, თბილისი, 2024, გვ. 27-34 / Scientific Session Dedicated to the Memory of Academician Varlam Topuria, Proceedings, Tbilisi, 2024, pp. 27-34