დაწყებითი განათლება ოსმალეთის იმპერიაში
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Date
2021
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Abstract
The history of the Ottoman state dates back to the end of the 13th century. The
main purpose of education in its bosom was religious education, and the language –
Ottoman, which was a mixture of Turkish, Arabic and Persian.
Elementary schools became wide spread from Sultan Mehmet Fatih’s time and
were named Sıbyan Mektebi children’s school. Islamic culture greatly influenced
making of educational plan in the elementary schools. Initially the educational plan
for girls and boys provided teaching of reading and writing and Kuran, as well as
gave information about praying.
The age of children entering the primary school was 4 years, 4 months and 4
days. The Ottomans considered this age limit favorable. The start and the end of
school was celebrated with a feast (Bed i Besmele a kind of praise, during which they
expressed gratitude to God).
The academic staff in the Sibyan schools consisted of a teacher and his assistant.
They were chosen from the most honorable and estimable persons, predominantly
from the educated elders. The purpose was to provide children with the culture and
knowledge they had acquired till a certain age of maturity .
The requirements indispensable for an elementary school teacher are worth mentioning.
He could not stay in the crowd for long time, sit in cafes or with shopkeepers
and talk in front of shops, in order to protect his pedagogical and scientific dignity,
and for that he should not be hindered by ordinary people.
In order to encourage learning and studies, hardworking students were given
a beautiful cloth or book as a gift. Girls and boys went to school together. Primary
schools opened after the morning prayer and ended after the afternoon prayer. Children
had training every day except Friday .
Sultan Mehmet Fatih made the following mandatory: primary school teachers
had to graduate from a madrasseh, while he prohibited people from teaching in primary
schools, who did not possess knowledge in literature, logic, geometry, astrology,
theology. By the order of Sultan Mahmud II, children were to go to school before
the age of adolescence, also, interdicting traders from the apprenticeship of children
on the grounds that the children were not distanced from basic education.
Primary schools were paid. The fee was covered by the parents. However, it was not necessary for the fee to be covered in money. According to the ability of the parents,
the amount was sometimes replaced with food or clothing and even household
items were considered as a fee. Islamic charity funds (waqfs) were established to help
poor children and orphans.
The importance of primary education continued until the final years of the Ottoman
Empire. Some changes have taken place in terms of primary education since the
19th century. Since 1824, primary education has become universal and compulsory.
Under the Education Reform Bill, drafted in August 1846, primary education institutions
were removed from the control of the Sheikhul Islam Service. In 1862, the name
“Sıbyan Mektebi” was changed to “İptidво (fi rst, initial) Mektep (school).
Description
კონფერენცია ეძღვნება ჭაბუა ამირეჯიბის დაბადებიდან 100 წლის იუბილეს/ The Conference is Dedicated to the 100th Anniversary of Chabua Amirejibi
Keywords
განათლება, ოსმალეთის იმპერია, Education, Ottoman Empire
Citation
საერთაშორისო სამეცნიერო კონფერენცია: 1921 წლის ისტორიულ-კულტურული მოვლენები: ხედვა საუკუნის შემდეგ, თეზისები, 2021, გვ. 93-96/ International Scientific Conference: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS OF 1921: THE VISION A CENTURY LATER, Theses, 2021, pp.: 93-96