სინონიმურ წყვილთა ფუნქციურ-სემანტიკური ნიშანდებისათვის ქართულში (გარჯა და ღვაწლი; მორჩილი და მსახური)/ About Functional-semantic Designation of the Synonym Pairs in Georgian Language (georg. garja "toiling" and georg. ghuatsli "contributing through restless work"; georg. Morchili "Novice" and georg. Msaxuri "Servant")
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Date
2022
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ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
Abstract
Everybody and everything teach something around us. The oldest Pagan and Christian
levels of our ethnos and Georgians’ characteristic national psychology and traditions
are imprinted by the Georgian Language or by the Georgian word.
The history of the Georgian nation is an important part of the history of Christianity
in the whole world. Old Christian footprints of our ethnos are engraved in the Georgian
word. Therefore, identifying the genesis of the Georgian Word (resp. Language), and
researching of its lexical-semantic and etymological fields reveals the historical process of
Christianization of the Georgian nation, remarkable national psychology of Georgians and
Georgian traditions in its full spectrum. All the above mentioned belongs to the Georgian
word’s and respectively, to the spiritual sphere of Georgian language.
Consequently, while studying the human word (language), together with other
factors we should use the principle of unifying faith and knowledge, religion and science,
i.e. we should seek the theological fundamentals of the human word the attempt of which
is represented in the paper.
I. georg. garja "toiling" and georg. ghuatsli "contributing through restless work":
The group of synonymous pairs existing on the basis of certain semantical-typical
peculiarities can be clearly seen in rich synonymy of the Georgian Language, for example:
dzala "might" and ghone "forcee"; tsodva "sin" and brali "fault"; nichi "talent" and madli
"gift"; madli "gift" and tskaloba "grace"; neba "will" and survili "wish"; amkhanagi "comrade"
and megobari "friend" etc.
The differentiating historical functional marking draws special attention, namely, the
historically remarkable unifying process of such differentiating synonymous pairs as visbleinvisible,
corporeal-mental, real world-heavens which is clearly seen from the pieces of
Georgian classical and religious literature.
On the basis of the principle of unity of the faith and knowledge, it becomes possible
to explain definitely the linguistic choice out of the Georgian synonymous pair garja
"toiling" and ghuatsli "contributing through restless work" – which represents the main
question of the represented paper, and besides that, we will try to discuss the original functional
semantics as well as the pre-conditions of so-called synonymities of the given pair.
I. 1. In Georgian the word garja "diligence; working; doing hard work" belongs to
the lexical-semantical nest of the words derived by the some root morphemes, namely -sj-
/-shj-/-rch/-rj- (< *-saj-), implies about a hundred of the lexical units, comp.: old gan-sj-a,
gan-shj-a, gan-rch-a "the court of honour"; old sj-uli, shj-uli, rch-uli, rj-uli – means "the
rule, punishment, doctrine"; samsjavro – "the code, the court"; sasjulo "according the
existing code, the rules - means a book of the existing ancient code of rules"; daghrjulavs –
"decision-making on the „doctrine basis", etc. I. 2. In the semantic field of the word garja most actively used is a semanteme
"deliberate physical work", comp.: gairjeba (from the action gaisarja) in meaning of "work,
try, disturb itself to do something"; the same as jafa ( Arab.), meaning in Georgian "hard
work", etc.
Though, according the above named semantic data concerning the word garja, it can
be supposed that this word-notion firstly was used in the sense of religious belief - which
can be confirmed by the noteworthy lexicographic entries of some Georgian dictionaries
concerning the word garja, for example, let us consider some explanations: garja "restless
work"; "dedicated work"; garjili "one who has done much work", garjiloba "having done
the work", etc.
In Georgian, the synonymous pair for garja "toiling" is ghvatsli "merit" ( old ghutsa,
ghutsola, ghuatsli) with the following polysemic: „hard labor, restless work, care,
supervision; struggle, overcoming difficulty, hardness, hard living, aspiration, trying; sorrow“;
also, "work in the social life field, in favor of the country, merit", comp.: samsakhuri
"care about country, work for its benefit".
See also the explanation of old ghuatsli as "working for well being of the country,
serving the country"; comp.: ghuatsli "hard work such as in struggle for virtue" and sarjulo,
sashjulo "matter of religious belief" and: "doing useful activitiesl; take care, merit";
ghuatsli "working hard, resless, doing job"; comp.: ghvatslit mdzle – "who is a winner of
the battle".
I. 3. Resulting from the lexical-semantic analysis, given in the represented paper
(garja "toiling, hard work" and ghvatsli – "toiling, contributing through the restless work"),
we represent to you the following conclusion:
The initial semantics function of the Georgian synonymous pair of word-notions is
preserved till nowadays through the semantics of the Georgian word-notion ghvatsli –
"toiling through hard work" ( old ghutsa, ghutsola, ghuatsli) which is clear from the
definition such as: "Everyday work which is dedicated to saving the own soul and is showing
loyalty and faith dedicated with great merci to Christ, overcoming the difficulties, poverty,
hard times and struggle which all together means fulfilling the doctrine of Christ with
dignity".
This conditioned the fact that we name all our famous compatriots are named as
"meritorious" (in ghvatslmosili), as by their great deeds they contributed to development
and wellbeing to their country, with joy they resisted much difficulties on their way in
benefit of the future of the country.
As for the word garja, its lexical-semantic functioning nowadays attracts our
attention. We mean namely the fact that there is no special notional designation for this
word and it is used only as a lexeme in meaning of "hard work". On the other hand, the
root-morpheme -rj- ( old gan-rj-a) clearly shows the same shared semantics as it really
represents itself as the member of the synonymous pair garja and ghvatsli as "a representative" of the lexical-semantic nest of the root "saj" which in its turn represents a
bearer of the semantics of the words rjuli, tsesi ("meaning: religion, law, religious doctrine").
II. Though, from this point of view, it is important to consider also the term from the
Georgian church terminology, representing member of the synonymous pair, namely the
Georgian terms: Morchili denoting one "who passes the preparation period for becoming
a blessed" and Msaxuri "church servant", as a monk or as a priest.
The presented analytical material makes clear that the georg. Morchili "Novice" and
georg. Msaxuri "Servant" could be names for the things those are under obedience of
somebody or something. Georg. Msaxuri "Servant" – servant was a person who did the
charitable word, and georg. Morchili "Novice" was a person who believed in confession or
a person who is under obedience of confession. Such explanation of the given words are
confirmed by the theological material.
Description
ეძღვნება თსუ-ს ემერიტუს პროფესორ ლელი ბარამიძის დაბადებიდან 90-ე წლისთავს/ Dedicated to the 90th Birthday of Emeritus Professor of TSU Leli Baramidze
Keywords
სემანტიკა, სინონიმიკა, ლექსიკოლოგია, რწმენა, ცოდნა, semantics, synonymy, lexicology, faith, knowledge
Citation
სამეცნიერო შრომების კრებული ქართველური ენათმეცნიერება, VIII, თბილისი, 2021-2022, გვ.: 114-128 /COLLECTION OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS KARTVELIAN LINGUISTICS, VIII, Tbilisi, 2021-2022, pp.: 114-128