„არის“ ზმნის გამოყენება და ფუნქციები თანამედროვე ქართულში

Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Date
2023-01-09
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
Abstract
When discussing the peculiar verbs in Georgian, it becomes clear that one of the most frequently used is the verb ‘aris/is’. Among its other peculiar features, we can especially underline the fact that it is an incomplete verb, namely, it lacks some verbal categories; for example, it lacks some forms of conjugation (so called ‘mtsḳrivi’), (aris – is; ikneba - will be; iq̇o – was); it also preserves the old form personal marker (kh); it lacks the voice forms, has short forms, namely, the third person singular form is contracted (see Shanidze, 1973, p. 531-532). The verb ‘aris/is’ may be met as an element for the form-creation of another verb in the row as well as an independent verb (having full meaning) or as an auxiliary verb either in its full or short form. Scientists consider that “the vowel ‘a’ received here due to contracting and simplifying the form ‘ars’. We can imagine the process of simplifying as follows: ars→as→a; the middle step still survives in the Khevsurian dialect of the Georgian language” (Chumburidze, 1984, p. 40). The history of the short form of the verb ‘aris’ in Old Georgian was studied by Z. Chumburidze. He noted that the contracted form of this verb is met as early as in the period of the so-called khanmeti texts; but such form is especially widely spread in the middle period of the language development (for example, such forms are met in the poem “Vepkhistkaosani” as frequent as 427 times) (Chumburidze, 1984, p.43). We should also remember an acute and very interesting discussion on the matter of the contracted form of the verb ‘aris’, its usage and orthographic issues. This discussion took place in 60-80-ies of the 20th century; the questions about the validity and correctness of the short forms were regarded; the well-known Georgian linguists took part in this discussion: Z. Chumburidze, I. Imnaishvili, L. Kiknadze. The position on which they stood turned to be right and it was confirmed by time, the opposite considerations were introduced by M. Mamulashvili and Al. Potskhishvili (Imnaishvili, Chumburidze, 1981, pp. 167-176). The vowel component ‘a’ in the elision form of the verb ‘aris’ may be met with any part of speech. According to the corpus data, from this viewpoint, there are no limitations in modern Georgian: the contracted variation of the verb ‘aris’ can be met in any case, with or without postpositions: with nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, infinitives or participles (e. g. bič̣ia (n) ‘it is a boy’; maγalia (adj) ‘she is tall’, oria ‘there are two’ ‒ cardinal numeral, meorea ‘it is the second’ – ordinal numeral); araperia ‘it is nothing’ and so on. The same can be said about auxiliary parts of speech (with particles: xomaa, araa, ḳia, hoa and others…). Such flexibility is conditioned by the stylistic designation: namely, the word with the vowel -a- gets a logical stress on it (see Kvachadze, 2010, p. 80; Peikrishvili, 1996, p. 70). One more peculiarity is observed: the pronouns or adverbs ending in consonants, need two vowels a (vinaa? – ‘who is this?’; raṭomaa? – ‘Why is it so?’; akaa – ‘it is here’; rodisaa? – ‘when will it be?’ saidanaa? – ‘where is it from?’; see Kurdadze, 2018, pp. 78-80; 174-177). As we mentioned above, one of the morphological destinations of the verb ‘aris’ is to be a part of the conjugation form of the verb and to become a producing element for the tense form (mtsḳrivi/screeve). In this case we will receive the forms with the auxiliary verbs of the first or second person, in singular and plural. Engendering and developing of some verb forms of the auxiliaries in the Georgian literary language was studied by L. Baramidze, and we will not speak about this theme (see Baramidze, 1964, pp. 95-150), but we will only note that in the part of such verbs this phenomenon is historically of secondary type (comp.: vzi ‒ vzivar ‘I sit’; vdga ‒ vdgavar ‘I stay’) (Shanidze, 1973, p. 485). There is a tendency in the colloquial language and the dialects to use an auxiliary verb in the present tense with the verbs expressing the production of some voice (vṭirivar – ‘I cry’, vḳivivar – ‘I shout’); though such verb forms are not considered grammatically correct and their usage is considered incorrect according to the language norms of the literary Georgian. In the Modern Georgian language, the conjugation with the help of auxiliary verbs is characteristic of the following types of verbs (see Melikishvili, 2001, pp. 53-54, 56-57): In the present tense: a. state (stative) verbs: vc̣evar ‘I am lying’; vzivar ‘I am sitting’; vdgavar ‘I am standing’… b. verbs of movement ‒ mivrbivar ‘I am running’; vxṭivar ‘I am jumping’; c. verbs denoting feelings, emotion and perception (vuq̇varvar ‘they love me’; mӡulxar ‘I hate you’; momtsonxar ‘I like you’, mogtsonvar ‘you like me’)… d. verbs expressing having somebody (some other verbs too) mq̇avxar ‘I have you’; vq̇avar ‘he (she) has me’; mivq̇avar ‘takes me with him (her)’; vgavar ‘I am like’, ‘I resemble him (her)’... e. a few stative verbs with the ending -ia (only with the subjective type of conjugation); vagdivar ‘I am lying’, vq̇rivart ‘I am fallen’… In one of the verb conjugation forms, Resultative I (so-called ṗirveli turmeobiti), the transitive verb (the first diathesis) occurs if their conjugation is based on the subject person: čagitserivar (‘I learned that you have written down my name’); čamitserixar, ševukivar… and so on. In case of the bi-personal intransitive verbs (second diathesis): davḳargvivar, dahḳargvixar, momnaṭrebixar… In the mono-personal verbs, in all the tense forms of the third series conjugation (the second diathesis): gavtetrebulvar, gavtetrebuliq̇o… As for the syntactic functions of the verb ‘aris’, it may occur as an independent meaningful verb (simple verbal predicate), as well as an auxiliary verb (as a verbal part of the compound predicate, as a copula). When the verb creates an immediate syntagma with the subject, it denotes being and has an independent meaning: čveni megobari ḳargad aris ‘Our friend is well’. niḳo saxlši aris ‘Nick is at home’. There is also an alternative view about such syntagma (see Kvachadze, 2010, p. 79). When the verb ‘aris’ is connected to the noun-part of the predicate and answers the questions: who is it, what is it, how many, what kind of, which – then it is an auxiliary verb: es čemi mastsavlebelia. ‘This is my teacher’; vardi lamazi q̇vavilia. ‘Rose is a nice flower’... (Surely, the full version of the verb may also occur as well as the contracted ones). The verb ‘aris’ has its alternative more polite equivalent forms for the second and third persons: brӡandebit (instead of xart) and the answer is ‘gaxlavart’ (see Shanidze, 1973, pp. 190-192; 515-516; Kvachadze, 2010, pp. 81; Zekalashvili, 2014, p.126-145). When using the relative forms with the compound predicate, the verb ‘aris’: is substituted by the verb akvs, hq̇avs ‘has’ (two variations for animate and inanimate objects). Comp.: bavšvis bebia daavadebulia – ‘The child’s grandma is ill’, and bavšvs bebia daavadebuli hq̇avs – ‘The child has the grandma ill’ (see Shanidze, 1973, 512-513; Geguchadze, 2010, p. 69-70). The alternative forms of the verb ‘aris’, when they are used along with the participle, produce periphrastic passive voice forms: Let us compare them with the compound predicate: saxli ašenebuli aris/ikneba/iq̇o ‘The house is built/will be built/ was built’. There are only a few structural differences between these examples. We think that in order to make the morphological and syntactic qualification of the mentioned form rightly, from the morphological point of view, the forms of the verbs ‘ikna’ and ‘aris’ should be studied more precisely. In our opinion, morphologically the verbs containing the forms of ‘ikna’ (was made) and ‘aris’ (is) should be considered as two different types of the periphrastic passive voice: first of them can be considered as the Vorgangspassiv (active passive, in the meaning of a passive action but still action) and the other is a kind of the Zustandspassiv (static passive); thus, these forms can be considered as follow: passive voice of the action and passive voice of the state (comp. German: “Der Patient wird/wurde vom Arzt geimpft. Der Patient ist/war vom Arzt geimpft; see Helbig, Buscha, 1980, pp. 148-149), from the syntactic viewpoint both of these forms can be considered as compound predicate. In the represented article the verb ‘aris’ is considered from formal and functional viewpoints. Its full and short forms are discussed along with its morphological destination in the different forms of tense (screeve), with the role in the formation of tense forms, the verbs denoting courtesy are discussed and the syntactic functions of the verb are figured out, similarity is underlined between the descriptive passive voice form and compound predicate.
Description
Keywords
ქართული ენა, „არის“ ზმნა, დამხმარე ზმნა, შეკვეცილი ფორმა, მეშველზმნიანი უღლება, შედგენილი შემასმენელი, Georgian language, the verb ‘aris’ (to be), auxiliary verb, short form of the verb ‘to be’, conjugation with an auxiliary verb, compound predicate
Citation
სამეცნიერო სესია, მიძღვნილი აკადემიკოს ვარლამ თოფურიას ხსოვნისადმი, მასალები, 2023, გვ.: 12-24/ Scientific Session Dedicated to the Memory of Academician Varlam Topuria, Proceedings, 2023, pp.: 12-24