„მონურად თარგმნის“ ტენდენციის შესახებ თანამედროვე ქართულში

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Date
2023-01-09
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ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
Abstract
Academician Varlam Topuria has left rich and diverse scientific heritage. Special mention should be made of his works dedicated to the purity of the Georgian language and the culture of Georgian speech, which forms part of Georgian culture in general. In the above-mentioned works, the scholar focuses on the issue of borrowing as a universal phenomenon and a way of enriching the borrower language. However, he makes a distinction between justified and unjustified borrowings. According to him, loan-words either reflect cultural relations or are imposed on the language as a result of violence of the invaders. In his works, special focus is made on calques which are harmful for the nature of language. V. Topuria notes that we should use a foreign word in case of absence of a proper equivalent in the native language. Loan-translations should also serve better understanding of the meaning expressed by the foreign word. The scholar notes: “Translation should not be slavish; translation should correspond to the nature of the Georgian language and should be applied according to the needs” (Topuria, 1965, p. 64). In the above-mentioned works, V. Topuria describes the tendencies widespread in the middle of the 20th century. Taking into account the political situation of the given period, it is natural that the scholar mostly focuses on the influence of the Russian language and analyzes Russian loan-translations and barbarisms („sakhezea“ < налицо (is present, is vivid); „dziritadshi“ < в основном (mostly, chiefly); „gauprtkhildit avtomobils“ < берегись автомобиля (take care of the automobile) etc.). In modern Georgian, the Russian influence has been replaced by the influence of English. This influence is much more intense: new words are almost always English, and the influence of the English language is vivid on each level of the language. There is an excessive amount of barbarisms („apilirebuli“ < affiliated, „borderizatsia“ < borderisation, „dedlaini“ < deadline, „evaluatsia“ < evaluation, „vizitori“ < visitor, „implementatsia“ < implementation, „inspiratsia“ < inspiration ...). The number of calque forms and syntagmas increases on daily basis („komunikatsiis qona“ < to have communication, „gonebrivi ierishi“ < brainstorming and so on). For instance, the English words girl-friend and boy-friend have penetrated into Georgian as two types of barbarisms: “gerlprendi” and “boiprendi”, obtained by means of transliteration-transcription, and calque syntagmas “megobari gogo” and “megobari bichi”, obtained by means of exact translation with inversed components. There are also examples of partial calques, when one member of a foreign collocation is represented by a foreign grapheme and the other member is translated into Georgian. The two members are either hyphenated or written together: IT Department – „IT-gankopileba“ / „IT gankopileba“; VIP Service – „VIP-momsakhureba“ / „VIP momsakhureba“. Observation of modern Georgian discourse proves that the English words are mostly borrowed without necessity. “Slavish translation” is accompanied by the abundance of passive constructions. Due to this, our language gradually loses its original nature. One of the reasons for the above-mentioned is this: without consideration of Georgian language norms and social requirements, foreign language material is used by mass media, social media and advertising, thus becoming rapidly widespread. Therefore, more responsibility should be taken by the journalists, who justify the shortcomings of translated texts by the lack of time. Ordinary speakers of Georgian, who spread foreign words and phraseological units, thus restricting the usage of corresponding native lexemes, should take into account the grave impact of this phenomenon on their native language. We should treat the usage of foreign words with great care, because the above-mentioned tendency goes far beyond the culture of speech. Foreign words become widespread not only in our everyday speech but also in our linguocultural space. All this eventually leads to the change in the national mentality (Omiadze, 2009, pp.166-178).
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ბარბარიზმები, კალკები, ენის სიწმინდე, ქართული დისკურსი, ეროვნული მენტალიტეტი, barbarisms, loan-translations, the purity of language, Georgian discourse, national mentality
Citation
სამეცნიერო სესია, მიძღვნილი აკადემიკოს ვარლამ თოფურიას ხსოვნისადმი, მასალები, 2023, გვ.: 33-38/ Scientific Session Dedicated to the Memory of Academician Varlam Topuria, Proceedings, 2023, pp.: 33-38