საქართველოში ოსმალთა სანჯაყების ჩამოყალიბების პირველი მცდელობა და მისი შედეგები
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Date
2023
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ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა
Abstract
As reported by the Ottoman historian Ibrahim Peçevi, in 1536, the Ottomans
conquered specific territories in Samtskhe and established Sanjaks there. The Ottoman
entry into Samtskhe is documented in the Kunul-ahbar and Muradnameh. According to
Turkish historian Ismail Danishmendi, the Ottomans created the Sanjaks of Oltis,
Artvin, Kiskim, and Narman in the newly acquired Georgian regions. These mentioned
Sanjaks are documented in the 1538 Tahrir Log of Arzrum, designating the Georgian
territories under Erzurum’s authority.
This timeframe coincides with the campaign led by King Bagrat III of Imereti into
Samtskhe. In 1535, King Bagrat, accompanied by his allies, the Dadiani and Gurieli
families, invaded Samtskhe. In the Battle of Murjakhedi, he defeated Atabag of Samtskhe,
Kvarkvare III, capturing him. Kvarkvare III ultimately died in captivity. Otar Shalikashvili,
a nobleman from Samtsakhe, sought refuge with the Ottoman Empire, along with
Atabag's young son, Kaikhosro.
Fahrettin Kirzioglu suggests an error in Vakhushti's account regarding the date of
Bagrat III's conquest of Samtskhe, arguing that it occurred in 1436 instead of 1435, a
claim not supported by Georgian sources. Sadik Bilge, based on the 1436 date, proposes
that the newly appointed Sabeglarbego Beglarbeg of Erzurum and Bagrat III collaborated
against the ruler of Samtskhe-Saatabago. However, this hypothesis lacks substantiation, as
Bagrat had been fighting against the Ottomans for a decade and had sought support from
not only Georgian kings and princes but also the Safavid Empire in Iran.
In 1536, the newly appointed Beglarbeg of Erzurum entered Samtskhe. According to
Mustafa Ali of Gallipoli, the Ottomans captured the Barakan fortress and the Fanak
region. Muradnameh narrates that Erzurum Val Mehmed Pasha invaded Mamirvan and
seized the Oltis and Fanak fortresses (Kırzıoğlu, p.163). As mentioned earlier, Ibrahim
Peçevi provides an account of this invasion, noting that "after a fierce battle, the victory
was claimed by the [Muslim] forces." A significant amount of booty was acquired,
causing the surviving residents to disperse, while those from Sanjak-to-be-place
populations declared their submission and requested the Sultan to appoint rulers and
administrators. The last sentence in the report is somewhat unclear, indicating that the
captured Georgian population petitioned the Sultan for the appointment of Sanjak rulers.
The Turkish translation by Baikal and even origin itself states that "Pasha of Erzurum
captured three or four Sanjak areas whose residents declared submission, and [Pasha of
Erzurum] appealed to the Sultan to designate Sanjak rulers." Based on this information,
some Georgian and Turkish scholars assert that this marked the initial establishment of Ottoman Sanjaks in Georgia, though this assertion is debatable. It is more accurate to
describe it as an attempt to create Sanjaks.
Farettin Kırzıoğlu suggests that the Ottomans conducted raids across the entire Speri-
Artvin region (M.F. Kırzıoğlu, p. 162), even though the record explicitly states that the
Ottomans raided the villages of Fertekrek and Tortum, not Artvin's side. According to the
document, the conquered territories were placed under the rule of Kul Agha Mehmed
Pasha, who imposed a tax of 40,000 akhcha. It is worth noting that, despite the effort to
pay tribute and create sanjak, the Ottomans were not able to fortify Saatabago during this
period.
The Georgians quickly reclaimed the lost territories. According to Vakhushti
Batonishvili, in 1541 (1543), the Ottomans once again entered the territory of Saatabago,
this time led by Mustafa Pasha. The Georgians won this encounter, and Kaikhosro and
Otar were compelled to go into hiding from the Ottomans.
The Ottomans were not content with this reversal. In 1545, Suleiman I initiated a
decisive battle to expel the king of Imereti from Saatabago. As reported by Vakhushti
Batonishvili and the third text of the Life of Kartli, Suleiman sent Beglarbegs from
Diyarbakir and Erzurum to subdue the Georgians. King Luarsab of Kartli and the ruler of
Guria, Gurieli, joined forces with King Bagrat of Imereti. According to the third text of
Kartli's Life, the Ottomans prevailed due to the "betrayal of the Meskhetians" (Kartli's
Life, p. 499). Bagrat retreated to Kutaisi, while the Ottomans besieged Kaikhosro.
In summary, although the Ottomans captured certain Samtskhe territories in 1536
and attempted to establish Sanjaks, King Bagrat of Imereti soon reclaimed these
territories. Subsequently, the Ottomans made several unsuccessful attempts to recapture
them, eventually handing over the title of Atabag to Kaikhosro.
Description
ეძღვნება აკადემიკოს ზაზა ალექსიძის ხსოვნას (1935 – 2023)/
Dedicated to Memory of Academician Zaza Aleksidze (1935 – 2023)
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Citation
აღმოსავლეთმცოდნეობა, №12, თბილისი, 2023, გვ.: 168-177 / Oriental Studies, №12, Tbilisi, 2023, pp.: 168-177