Impact of social marketing for changing behavior during the COVID–19 pandemic (სოციალური მარკეტინგის გავლენა ქცევის ცვლილებაზე COVID-19-ის პანდემიის პირობებში)

Abstract
An important aspect of the COVID 19 pandemic is the vaccination strategy (immunization), which is actively implemented in many countries around the world. The purpose of this article is to analyze the ongoing immunization process in different countries based on a review of the latest publications and searches. The paper focuses on three issues: changes for social behavior, social marketing tools to activate immunization, social networks - an arena for discourse of vaccine proponents and opponents. The paper discusses the so-called 5C model, which includes the following factors: trust, limitation, self-confidence, calculation and collective responsibility. This model emerges as driver and affects on individuals behavior, who are neutral or negative regarding immunization. There`s is urgent need to increase amount of vaccinated people , it is essential to promote varies forms of stimulation of different segments of population. Social networks are used intensively for effective and large-scale management of health and social campaigns. In addition, individuals who are skeptical about vaccination are involved in social networks and react in negative way to the information provided. Any information about the vaccine is perceived by them not as a standard product relevant to the scientific process, but as an individual irrational interpretation that hinders the immunization process. Social media is a powerful instrument and has a strong impact on an individuals behavior, systematic research is needed in this area ,so that everyone is aware of the benefits of COVID 19 vaccination
Description
1. Akbar, M. B., French, J., & Lawson, A. (2019). Critical review on social marketing planning approaches. Social Business, 9(4), 361-393. 2. Anderson, L., File, T., Marshall, J., Mcelrath, K., & Scherer, Z. (2021). How do COVID-19 vaccination and vaccine hesitancy rates vary over time? new tool tracks vaccination and vaccine hesitancy rates across geographies, population groups. US: United States Census Bureau. Available from: https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/how-do-covid19-va ccination-and-vaccine-hesitancy-rates-vary-over-time.html (Accessed 29 January 2022). 3. Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., & Böhm, R. (2018). Beyond confidence: Development of a measure assessing the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. PloS one, 13(12), e0208601. 4. Bloomberg (2022). Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/europe (Accessed 29 January 2022). 5. Brindha, D., Jayaseelan, R., & Kadeswaran, S. (2020). Social media reigned by information or misinformation about COVID-19: a phenomenological study. SSRN Electronic Journal, 09(03), 585-602. 6. Brindle, H., Rogers, N. T., Eggo, R. M., Enria, L., & Lees, S. (2021). Vaccine Confidence and Hesitancy at the start of COVID-19 vaccine deployment in the UK: An embedded mixed-methods study. Frontiers in public health, 9. 7. Burki, T. (2020). The online anti-vaccine movement in the age of COVID-19. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(10), 504–505. 8. Burts, E.L. (2021). Social marketing and shared beliefs combat COVID-19 in South Korea. Available from: https://www.uab.edu/news/ (Accessed 29 January 2022). 9. Butler, R. (2016). Vaccine Hesitancy: what it means and what we need to know in order to tackle it. J. Vaccine, 34, 1643- 1649. 10. Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn, S., & Di Napoli, R. (2022). Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls. 11. Chen, E.(2021). Vaccine Hesitancy: More Than A Pandemic, Harwrrd University, Blog 12. Cook, J., Lynes, J., & Fries, S. (2021). Exploring Mistakes and Failures in Social Marketing: The Inside Story. Social Marketing Quarterly, 27(1), 13–31. 13. Ergur,A. (2020). Social Causes of Vaccine Rejection-Vaccine Indecision Attitudes in the Context of Criticisms of Modernity. Eurasian Journal of Medicine , 52(2), 217–223. 14. Evans, W. D., & French, J. (2021). Demand creation for COVID-19 vaccination: Overcoming vaccine hesitancy through social marketing. Vaccines, 9(4), 319. 15. Evans, W.D. (2018). Design and Evaluation of a Branded Narrative-story Based Intervention to Promote HPV Vaccination in Rwanda. In Proceedings of the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA. 16. Fadda, M., Suggs, L. S., & Albanese, E. (2021). Willingness to vaccinate against Covid-19: A qualitative study involving older adults from Southern Switzerland. Vaccine: X, 8, 100108. 17. Germani, F., & Biller-Andorno, N. (2021). The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: A behavioral analysis. PloS one, 16(3), e0247642. 18. Gogoi, M., Wobi, F., Qureshi, I., Al-Oraibi, A., Hassan, O., Nellums, L. B., & Pareek, M. (2021). “The vaccination is positive; I don’t think it’s the panacea”: A qualitative study on COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among ethnically diverse healthcare workers in the United Kingdom. medRxiv. 19. Hammond, J. (2020). Vaccine confidence, coverage, and hesitancy worldwide: A literature analysis of vaccine hesitancy and potential causes worldwide. Senior theses. 344. 20. Heyerdahl, L. W., Dielen, S., Nguyen, T., Van Riet, C., Kattumana, T., Simas, C., ... & Gryseels, C. (2022). Doubt at the core: Unspoken vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers. The Lancet Regional Health–Europe, 12. 21. Jackson, S. E., Paul, E., Brown, J., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2021). Negative vaccine attitudes and intentions to vaccinate against Covid-19 in relation to smoking status: A population survey of UK adults. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 23(9), 1623-1628. 22. Jashi, Ch. & Todua, N. (2013). Behavior Changing through of Social marketing (Georgian Case). In Proceedings of the 3rd World Social Marketing Conference, Toronto (Canada), pp. 95-97. 23. Jashi, Ch. (2012). Principles of Social Marketing. Universal, Tbilisi. 24. Jashi, Ch. (2020). The New Context of Marketing in Social Media (Conceptual review). Economics and Bussines, 1, 152- 164. 25. Johnson, N. F., Velásquez, N., Restrepo, N. J., Leahy, R., Gabriel, N., El Oud, S., ... & Lupu, Y. (2020). The online competition between pro-and anti-vaccination views. Nature, 582(7811), 230-233. 26. Kennedy, J. (2019). Populist politics and vaccine hesitancy in Western Europe: an analysis of national-level data. European journal of public health, 29(3), 512-516. 27. Khan, M. M. (2019). The impact of perceived social media marketing activities: An empirical study in Saudi context. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 11(1), 134-149. 28. Khubchandani, J., Sharma, S., Price, J. H., Wiblishauser, M. J., Sharma, M., & Webb, F. J. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the United States: a rapid national assessment. Journal of Community Health, 46(2), 270-277. 29. Kusumasond, J. (2018). The roles of message appeals and orientation on social media brand communication effectiveness. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 30(4), 1135-1158. 30. Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., ... & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature medicine, 27(2), 225-228. 31. Li, L., Wood, C. E., & Kostkova, P. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy and behavior change theory-based social media interventions: a systematic review. Translational behavioral medicine. November, 1-30. 32. MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161-4164. 33. Mghebrishvili, B., & Urotadze, E. (2021). Challenges of Business Social Responsibility in the Conditions of Coronavirus Pandemic. Ecoforum Journal, 10(3). 34. Michie, S., & West, R. (2021). Sustained behavior change is key to preventing and tackling future pandemics. Nature Medicine, 27(5), 749-752. 35. Nichter, M. (1995). Vaccinations in the Third World: a consideration of community demand. Social science & medicine, 41(5), 617-632. 36. Nossier, S. A. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy: the greatest threat to COVID-19 vaccination programs. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 96(1), 1-3. 37. Pormohammad, A., Zarei, M., Ghorbani, S., Mohammadi, M., Razizadeh, M. H., Turner, D. L., & Turner, R. J. (2021). Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. - Vaccines, 9(5), 467. 38. Rogers, N. T., Waterlow, N. R., Brindle, H., Enria, L., Eggo, R. M., & Lees, S. (2020). Behavioral change towards reduced intensity physical activity is disproportionately prevalent among adults with serious health issues or Self-Perception of high risk during the UK COVID-19 Lockdown. Frontiers in public health, 526. 39. Sage Working Group (2014).. Report of the SAGE Working group on vaccine hesitancy. Geneva: World Health Organization. 40. Sen-Crowe, B., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A. (2021). Disparities in global COVID-19 vaccination rates & allocation of resources to countries in need. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 68, 102620. 41. Soares, P., Rocha, J. V., Moniz, M., Gama, A., Laires, P. A., Pedro, A. R., ... & Nunes, C. (2021). Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines, 9(3), 300. 42. Spike, C. (2019). Anti-Vaxxers Thrive on Social Media. Here's How Healthcare Must Respond. Available from: https://- www.chiefhealthcareexecutive.com (Accessed 29 January 2022). 43. Tafuri, S., Gallone, M. S., Cappelli, M. G., Martinelli, D., Prato, R., & Germinario, C. (2014). Addressing the antivaccination movement and the role of HCWs. Vaccine, 32(38), 4860-4865. 44. Todua, N., & Jashi, Ch. (2013). Challenges of Social Marketing. TSU Science, 5, 59-62. 45. Todua, N., & Jashi, Ch. (2018). Influence of Social Marketing on the Behavior of Georgian Consumers Regarding Healthy Nutrition. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, 12(2), 183-190. 46. Todua, N., & Jashi, Ch. (2021). Paradoxes of Social Marketing in Healthcare (In the Context of COVID-19 Pandemic). In Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference „Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business“, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, pp. 163-168. 47. Urotadze, E., & Jashi, Ch. (2020). Marketing Aspect of COVID-19 Epoch. In Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Conference „Challenges of Globalization in Economics and Business“, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, pp. 397-404. 48. Williams, S. N., & Dienes, K. A. (2021). Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: A qualitative study. medRxiv. 49. World Health Organization. (2019). Ten Threats to Global Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/- spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019 (Accessed 29 January 2022). 50. World Health Organization. (2020). Behavioural considerations for acceptance and uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240016927 (Accessed 29 January 2022).
Keywords
health policy, vaccination, behavior changing, social media
Citation
International Scientific Conference Dedicated to the Establishment of the University and the 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Economics and Business “Covid 19 Pandemic and Economics”, Tbilisi, 2022, pp. 469-476
Collections