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Item Impact of IPSAS 43 on lease accounting(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2024) Vardiashvili, MariamEntities of the Public Law carry out the leasing or receipt in lease of property for the purpose of performing functions or generating income. The requirements of IPSAS 13 could not provide comprehensive information on lease-related transactions, as only assets and liabilities generated by financial leases were reflected in a lessee’s financial statement, whereas the share of operating leases is important in such transactions. In order to comply with current lease accounting requirements and IFRS 16, the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) has developed IPSAS 43 – Leases, which reforms the concept of Lease Accounting and explains the difference between operating and financial leases for lessees. The new standard does not change the lessors accounting. They continue to report the financial condition of the lease according the IPSAS 13. However, IPSAS 43 provides guidance and clarifications to assist the lessors in assessing the risks and benefits associated with property rights, and includes also specific changes to align with the lessor accounting model, which was reflected in the following articles: Lease Modification, Sublease, Notes. IPSAS 43 has a significant impact on lessee’s reporting. By the standard, the difference between operating and financial lease accounting for the lessee is eliminated, and the right-of-use assets and the lease liability are recognized on all types of leases. IPSAS 43 requires the lessee to recognize virtually all lease contracts in the reporting in order to reflect his right-of-use assets for a specified period and the liability – to make future payments. For the lessee, IPSAS 43 introduces a model of use of the assets that makes difference between the right-of-use assets (controlled by the lessee) and the underlying asset itself (not controlled by the lessee). The lessee, along with the recognition of the asset, must also recognize the liability by the commencement date of the lease term, which will be measured at the present value of the lease payments unpaid at that date. IPSAS 43 makes an exception and exempts the lessee from recognition in the financial statements of a short-term lease or a lease less than 12 months and a low-value lease asset. Lease payments associated with such a lease will be recognized as term expense of the Lessee. The modifications also covered the identification of leases, unification of contracts, preferential leases, etc. The implementation of IPSAS 43 will result in an increase in lease assets and lease liabilities on the lessee’s financial accounts. In addition, depreciation costs for the right-of-use and interest costs for the lease will affect the results of financial activities. Accordingly, various financial indicators will also undergo changes. By introducing new approaches, IPSAS 43 emphasizes the recognition of the right-of-use assets and the lease liabilities. It provides detailed information on lease-related assets and liabilities that helps financial statement users to clearly understand the impact of a lease on an entity's financial position and financial results.Item Corporate sustainability reporting, goals and challenges(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2024) Maisuradze, Marina; Chavleshvili, NinoCorporate sustainability financial reporting focuses on integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors into financial disclosures. Here’s a summary of its goals and challenges: Goals: Transparency: Improve the clarity and accessibility of sustainability-related information for stakeholders, including investors, customers, and regulators. Accountability: Hold companies accountable for their sustainability commitments and performance, fostering trust among stakeholders. Decision-Making: Provide relevant data to help investors and management make informed decisions regarding sustainability risks and opportunities. Challenges: Data Collection and Quality: Difficulty in gathering accurate and comprehensive data on sustainability metrics, often due to lack of systems or standard definitions. Regulatory Complexity: Navigating a patchwork of evolving regulations and reporting requirements across different jurisdictions. Integration with Financial Reporting: Integrating ESG data with traditional financial metrics in a meaningful way remains complex and often inconsistent. Stakeholder Expectations: Balancing diverse stakeholder demands and expectations regarding sustainability reporting, which can vary widely. Resource Constraints: Limited resources (financial, human, technological) for companies, especially smaller ones, to invest in robust sustainability reporting practices. Overall, while the goals of corporate sustainability financial reporting are geared towards enhancing transparency and accountability, the challenges often stem from data limitations, regulatory landscapes, and the need for integration with traditional financial metrics.Item Some economic aspects of security in the context of economic theories(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, 2024) Veshapidze, ShotaThe text emphasizes that the problem of economic security of a person is directly related to the formation of the state and the economic involvement of society. This can be reflected in the following historical contexts: a) Ancient societies: economic security mainly de- pended on clan or community support. The issue of individual security was not considered in isolation. b) Feudalism and mercantilism: the idea of economic security expanded and the state actively intervened in economic processes, for example, regulating coinage systems or protecting national markets. c) The era of industrialization: the economic security of the individual was linked to social guarantees such as wages, working conditions and pensions. d) Contemporary context: Today, economic security includes not only physical needs, but also digital security, challenges of globalization and the impact of environmental problems. Field of interest and relevance of the paper. The work deals with the problems related to the origin of states and participation in economic life, the main focus of which is on ensuring the economic security of individuals, society and the state. The issue of economic security is still relevant today, which is caused by the growth of globalization, economic crises and new security challenges. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding contemporary problems through historical analysis, which allows to find out alternative ways of economic security. The purpose of the research is to identify the historical types that ensured the eco- nomic security of the person. Based on the purpose of the research, the following tasks were identified: separation of historical types of security (in terms of individual, society, state); including identifying common features and analyzing them in specific historical contexts. It helps to understand alternative ways of developing concepts of economic security of a person. The subject of research is the evolution of economic security of a person. The object of research is: basic economic ideas, views and concepts. Research methodology includes comparative analysis, historical method, induction and deduction, as well as its critical evaluation. These approaches contribute to the comparison of historical and modern contexts, to reveal their parallels, as well as to clarify the universal and specific factors of economic security. However, the research framework can be complex given the changing social, political and technological contexts. Historical and contemporary connections. The paper analyzes approaches to ensuring economic security from ancient times to the present day; The main concepts related to today's reality are separated; It is revealed how past experience can become the basis for determining alternative ways of modern economic security. Therefore, the text emphasizes the fact that historical experience paves the way for the creation of alternative models. This includes: a) eco- nomic policy integration: global and local approaches; b) Inclusion of technological changes: impact of digital economy and artificial intelligence on economic security; c) Environmental factors: the economic aspect of risks related to climate change. General conclusions and future perspectives. The paper establishes that economic security is not a static concept; It changes over time. By analyzing past models, it is possible to create systems that balance the interests of individuals, society, and the state. Taking into ac- count modern challenges requires a more multi-functional approach to economic security, which includes the integration of technological and environmental factors. In addition, the work deals not only with the historical aspects of the problems, but also with the possibilities of their practical application today. Analysis of historical types serves to develop new ways of economic security that respond to contemporary challenges. The work combines historical analysis, modern problems and establishing connections between them. It shows that the development of concepts of economic security over time relies on both past experience and the specifics of contemporary conditions. The text is the basis of a multifaceted analysis, which helps to identify alternative ways of ensuring economic security.Item Georgia's European integration perspective(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, 2024) Veshapidze, Shota; Kitashvili, SofikoThe purpose of the research of this work is to examine the long-term economic relations be- tween the European Union and Georgia, to reveal the economic potential of Georgia and the priority directions that the country has on the way to European integration. For this purpose, the article analyzes the past experiences of some EU member states, from candidacy to the present day. It shows the prospects for Georgia's economic development and the country's strategic goal - ensuring freedom, stability, and development of Georgia, safeguarding human, family security, health, social status, dignified ageing, and protecting all human rights. The paper analyzes several priority directions of the European Union and its long-term perspectives, the historical aspects of cooperation between Georgia and the EU, and Georgia's proactive steps to deepen integration with the EU. It also analyzes the challenges Georgia faces in various fields, such as innovative development and the development of the transport- logistics function, which is a key precondition for the utilization of the country's economic potential. The positive involvement of the EU in the achieved successes has been identified. Obtaining EU candidate status is naturally considered a positive and forward-looking step. Georgia is given solid and enhanced opportunities for positive changes, reforms, and raising the country's welfare. The country will more quickly achieve a higher pace of population welfare growth — specifically, it will reduce unemployment and poverty, increase the average pension, reduce mortality from road-transport accidents, decrease CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, and improve air quality. The European Union is Georgia's largest donor; the integration bloc annually provides substantial amounts of grants to support reforms. The aim of the assistance is to develop the economic situation, raise the quality of education, establish good, unbiased, fair governance harmonized with European standards, and protect human rights, environmental protection being defined as one of the priority directions. The article compares development rates and economic indicators between EU member and non-member developing countries. It reveals the tendency that the EU member country achieves progress in economic, political, and social spheres more quickly and relatively easily. Georgia is one of the leading transit countries — its geopolitical location serves as a kind of bridge between the West and Central Asia. This location allows the country to occupy an im- portant place in global economic processes. Developing the country's potential in this direction, such as the "Europe-Caucasus-Asia Corridor Program," the Transcaucasian pipelines—"Baku- Tbilisi-Ceyhan" and "Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum" gas pipelines, the Black Sea ports of Batumi and Poti, and the construction of the deep-water port of Anaklia, turning Georgia into a transport- economic hub, will also be beneficial.Item The role of competitive intelligence in building a business competitive advantage(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2025) Veshapidze, Shota; Otinashvili, Ramaz; Vanishvili, MerabIn today’s fast-evolving business environments, the rapid shifts in competitive dynamics, the growing digitalization of enterprises, and the intensifying market competition have heightened the significance of competitive intelligence as a vital component of strategic management. Michael Porter, a distinguished American scholar, is widely recognized as the pioneering figure in competitive intelligence research. Other notable contributors to this field include Gilad, B., Kahaner, L., Prescott, J.E., and Vezmar, J.M. The first systematic implementation of competitive intelligence in practice was undertaken by Xerox, a leading manufacturer of photocopiers, which applied competitive intelligence at three distinct levels. This strategic approach has been widely credited as a key factor in the rapid expansion of Chinese companies in recent decades. The following statistics illustrate the extent to which competitive intelligence is utilized across various countries: 91% of companies in Japan, 90% in China, 80% in the United States, 75% in the United Kingdom, 70% in Germany, and only 27% in Russia leverage competitive intelligence data. In Georgia, however, the development of competitive intelligence remains a significant challenge. Despite its strategic importance, the field has yet to receive adequate attention. Notable exceptions can be found in sectors such as banking, insurance, and other well-established industries. Nevertheless, as market competition intensifies, the role and practical application of competitive intelligence are expected to gain prominence. This is essential, as competitive intelligence delivers socially beneficial outcomes by enabling businesses – both domestic and international – to evolve, refine optimize their operations, and expand their market presence. Looking ahead, as Georgia’s business environment continue to grow, professional business intelligence is likely to become a fundamental prerequisite for ensuring a company's long-term sustainability, competitive edge, and operational security. This encompasses a broad spectrum of practices, including competitive intelligence, business intelligence, industrial espionage, economic intelligence, and benchmarking. The implementation of competitive intelligence within a company can encompass up to twenty distinct functions within a dedicated competitive intelligence unit. These functions vary based on the company's specific needs, scale, and industry. A company’s management approach is largely shaped by its size and the nature of its operations. In the early stages, particularly within competitive environments, businesses often adopt an imitation strategy, leveraging existing practices to optimize resource allocation. While this approach can be highly effective in the short term, it may prove insufficient for sustaining long-term growth. Conversely, a more innovative and proactive approach – often referred to as a "leapfrog" strategy — may be more effective. This strategy – can be more advantageous in the long run. This strategy empowers a company to outperform competitors and establish market leadership, offering a significant edge over the more reactive "following" strategy. Case studies indicate that the success of supermarket chains is closely tied to the systematic integration of specialized marketing roles within their management structures. These roles are crucial for monitoring the competitive landscape and delivering analytical insights that inform strategic decision-making. Marketing professionals in these positions typically oversee key areas such as strategic site selection for retail outlets, assortment planning, and pricing strategies. They analyze competitors' market share dynamics – tracking growth or decline trends – while also assessing ongoing advertising and promotional efforts. Additionally, they evaluate the technical and commercial infrastructure of competing businesses. An essential aspect of this work involves preparing visual and audiovisual materials – such as photographs and video content – to provide management with more comprehensive, data-driven decision-making tools. This approach reinforces the idea that the success of modern supermarket depends largely on a well-structured, systematic management strategy supported by robust information analysis. A critical prerequisite for the effective operation of commercial intelligence is its seamless integration with top-level management. This function reaches its full potential when operational and strategic management processes are closely aligned and well-coordinated. Business intelligence typically consists of two primary components: internal and external intelligence processes. To ensure robust informational support, these processes must be harmonized within a unified analytical framework. This framework should facilitate continuous analysis, drawing insights from both internal corporate data and external market dynamics. The best practices of leading companies highlight that all employees, whether directly or indirectly involved, play a crucial role in the collection and interpretation of competitive intelligence. This collaborative approach ensures a continuous exchange of information across various levels of the organization. As a result, business intelligence has become an essential pillar of modern management structures. In an increasingly dynamic and volatile competitive environment, it serves as a fundamental driver of organizational success. However, the true effectiveness of this function depends largely on the extent to which top management understands its strategic importance and integrates it seamlessly into the company’s overall framework.Item Strategic management of hotel service personnel based on innovative approaches(Georgian Foundation for Development of Science and Society “Intellect”, 2025) Baliashvili, Elisabed; Kutateladze, MariamThe article discusses the rapid growth of the hotel industry in the global economy, which is increasingly accompanied by heightened growing attention from companies on service quality. This trend highlights the critical need for strategic human resource management grounded in innovative approaches. Furthermore, it is essential that the recruitment, retention, and development of personnel be integrated into the long-term strategic planning of management. The aim research is to identify potential challenges in the strategic management of hotel service personnel and to determine innovative approaches to address these challenges. Also, raising awareness about the complex set of personality traits, characteristics, competencies, and specific requirements expected of hotel staff. The following aspects were identified and evaluated during the personnel strategic management process: • The importance of recognizing each employee as a unique individual; • The need to focus on the psychological aspects of personnel. Accordingly, the authors propose that the implementation of strategic management in hotel companies should be based on the following innovative approaches: 1. „The Resource-Based View of the firm;“ 2. „Holistic“ development of personnel. In modern conditions, these approaches are unconditionally considered through a creative and innovative lens. They contribute to identifying the qualities of personnel, as well as discovering their potential abilities and competencies, with the aim of supporting their further development. This situation is particularly important, as both the requirements for employees and the characteristics of the company’s personnel are changing. Values, culture, ethics, and norms must be updated as a whole, not just in terms of technology. For a hotel company, human resources represent a particularly valuable asset. Ultimately, this leads to high employee performance and, consequently, a higher quality of hotel service.Item Hotel personnel as the key to competitiveness in hotel services!!!(Georgian National University SEU, 2025) Baliashvili, ElisabedThe significance of this topic stems from the rapid growth of the world's largest and most dynamic hotel service industry within the global economy. The paper confirms that this expansion has led to an increase in the number of competing firms, a heightened emphasis on service quality, and intense competition to attract new customers. This study aims to identify the role of personnel as a factor in enhancing the competitiveness of hotel service companies. The discussion centers on the notion of „competitiveness“ as an economic factor at both the national and hotel company levels. By analyzing relevant data, the paper explores the key characteristics used to evaluate the competitive position of hotel services, with a particular focus on service quality. The paper also analyzes the "SERVQUAL" model of hotel service quality alongside the international online travel agency BOOKING.COM. Both evaluate the essential aspects of competitive positioning for branded hotels, with a particular emphasis on quality, based on specific criteria. Drawing on personal opinions and insights from various scholars, it becomes evident that visitors' perceptions of service quality are directly linked to the qualifications of hotel personnel specifically (their Individual Skills and Competence) and is recognized as the best indicator of service quality. Accordingly, personnel are considered the main factor in the competitiveness of a hotel service company. The article also identifies challenges related to the existence of an incompetent workforce and demotivated personnel. According to the author analyses and insights from other scholars, these issues can be attributed to two primary factors: a two-year stagnation within the tourism sector and insufficient safeguarding of employees' labor rights. In the concluding part of the research, the author presents personal views on the given issues and provides a recommendation aimed at addressing the identified challenges.Item The state of activity of logistics companies and development prospects in Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, 2022) Baliashvili, ElisabedThe article discusses and substantiates the role of effective management of logistics systems in companies engaged in international business. Also, the state of activity of the logistics companies of Georgia, the existing problems and prospects of the country's development in this direction have been investigated. Certain recommendations are given for the country to engage in international business as fully as other developed countries. The object of the research is represented by both resident and international logistics companies present in the market of Georgia. Georgia, like many highly developed and developing countries of the world, is actively involved in world trade and globalization. The desire to get involved is getting stronger, and our country should not be left behind in these processes, which can be achieved by introducing innovations in business companies, improving the supply chain and information-technological environment, and introducing modern logistics systems and their effective management. Globalization and related international economic relations have completely changed the process of mutual influence and cooperation between countries and regions, in which information technologies and the Internet play a major role. Modern information technologies also had a great impact on the block of supply and logistics and received the name of business logistics. Electronic banking operations based on SWIFT and SWIFT II, as well as EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and EDIFACT (Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport, Trade and electronic data exchange in transport) to create systems. In the modern world, "Blockchain" is becoming more and more popular, which is developing rapidly, and it can be said that it is one of the "breakthrough technologies" of the technologies of the modern world. Its priority aspects are discussed and substantiated in the work, in particular, it can: • make the supply chain more robust and traceable; • ensure security, immutability and authenticity; • Reducing the complexity of the supply chain and simplifying the process. The research conducted by the World Bank in 2018 reveals that in terms of the development of the logistics system in Georgia, we are at a rather low level, in the rankings we occupy the second place of a hundred countries, which means that we are behind not only many highly developed countries of the world, but also - developing countries, for example, our friendly country - Ukraine. According to the 2018 survey, Germany is still the leader according to the LPI index = 4.20 points. According to the compilers of the index, obtaining a high or satisfactory evaluation of the efficiency of the logistics system in Georgia was prevented by the existing problematic issues, for example, the delay of the procedures at the border checkpoints and the existing tariff policy. Forwarding companies represent an important part of the logistics market in Georgia. The big five leading forwarding companies in the Georgian market are TNT, DHL, UPS, FEDEX, GEBRUDER WEIS - they are well-known brands in the international market, although all of them already have a representative office in Georgia and have been successfully operating in our country for quite some time. For the last few years, Georgian forwarding companies have been trying to provide strong competition to the leading international logistics companies, and in this regard, the "Bene Group" is leading, according to the logisticians, they are working on a new transit web platform and application, which makes it easier for users to calculate the tariff rate according to the selected route and cargo data, and receive tracking information. and be able to easily monitor their cargo. All this is directly related to awareness, which makes the producer much more organized. In order to assess the trade relations of the country, based on the cargo turnover data, the paper examines the state of development of the following logistics channels - railway, sea, road and air transport. Argued conclusions and opinions are made based on the received results. It is determined that by introducing information technologies, effective supply chain management and logistics infrastructure, and increasing the service quality of diverse services, it is possible to maintain an increased number of new customers (cargo owners). Georgia should use all possible ways to increase the efficiency and productivity of the logistics system to increase the economic performance of our country. For the efficient operation of Georgian logistics companies, it is necessary to implement the following stimulating measures: • Some changes should be made in the tax code, it needs to be adjusted; • Due to the low level of infrastructure development, its improvement and improvement should be ensured; • High domestic shipping rates and others should be changed. All this prevents the resident companies from developing properly, while reducing the volume of freight traffic passing through the Georgian corridor. In total, due to such barriers, the country loses quite a lot of economic benefits.Item Aspects of Georgian tourism development in the context of sustainable development of the world economy(Georgian National University SEU, 2021) Baliashvili, ElisabedTourism is one of the growing and important sectors of the economy, the development of tourism increases the economic index of the country, creates new jobs, helps to raise the cultural level of the country's population and develop communication systems. Georgia certainly stands out in this respect, it has a very diverse natural and cultural resources and strives for the sustainable development of tourism that meets the demands of the present so as not to jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The paper argues the relevance of this topic, discusses the trends of sustainable development in the world, and then analyzes and assesses the compliance of current processes in the tourism sector of our country with the policies and principles of sustainable development. The article also discusses the legislation of Georgia, which regulates the implementation of the strategy of sustainable tourism development. The positive and negative factors that ensure the sustainable development of this field are identified. In the concluding part of the paper, the author presents his views on this topic and has some recommendations to ensure the sustainable development of the field.Item Competitiveness in the tourism and hospitality industry(Iverioni, 2025) Baliashvili, ElisabedThe opening of country borders, driven by globalization, has significantly increased competition among companies in the tourism and hospitality sectors. As a result, the topic of competitiveness has become increasingly important within the tourism industry. This article examines the concept of competitiveness as an economic category, addressing both national and organizational levels, with a particular focus on the hotel services sector. The author presents a well-reasoned definition of hotel service competitiveness and supports this perspective. Special emphasis is placed on the competitiveness of tourist destinations and the broader hotel service industry. The author contends that a key approach to identifying competitive advantages is to connect the assessment of service competitiveness with consumer satisfaction in the market. This approach is particularly pertinent when considering the essential characteristics and attributes that define the hotel industry service market. Additionally, the article analyzes the economic indicators related to the global and Georgian tourism and hospitality sectors, including the hotel industry, covering the period from 2019 to 2024. Relevant conclusions have been drawn.Item Once again on the mountain tourism potential of Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, 2021) Baliashvili, ElisabedIn the article - "Once again on the mountain tourism potential of Georgia" - as its title shows, it is discussed the potential for tourism development in Georgia in the context of its mountainous part - Svaneti, Khevsureti, Tusheti, Pshavi and other mountainous regions. A mountainous region is a geographical, economic and social entity whose terrain, climate, natural and cultural heritage, as well as socio-economic policies require the development and development of emergency rules of protection, and subsequently - the enactment. The mountainous regions of Georgia included 13 historical-ethnographic regions, which according to the current administrative-territorial division are mainly 3 regions (+ Zemo Svaneti and Tusheti), including 16 districts and 272 local (community-rural) administrative units. It should be noted, however, that such a division is conditional. Currently, according to the Law on Socio-Economic and Cultural Development of Mountainous Regions adopted by the Parliament of Georgia, the number of such villages at the time of its adoption was 497, at present at the expense of additions 15 villages of the regions were added) their number is 1540. Georgia's mountain resources can be successfully used for such tourism as mountain, recreational, sports and adventure tourism, such as mountaineering, mountaineering, hiking, skiing and crystal, mountain biking, rafting and more. , On which the demand in the world is growing. According to the relevant information, the author of the article proves that these mountainous parts of Georgia have a great tourist wealth and if anything hinders the intensive and large-scale development of tourism there, it is their lack of amenities. Another serious problem is that the villages in the mountainous parts of Georgia are almost empty of young people, while the elderly have no entrepreneurial knowledge. Young people from the mountains either come to work in the bar (in the cities) slowly, or emigrate abroad. The passive attitude of the government towards the mountain, according to the author, is a Soviet legacy, and the lack of funds spent on mountain improvement - "investment shortsightedness". It is true that the development of tourism in the highlands of Georgia has begun, but it is carried out somewhat unsystematically, especially in the case of private tourism services - food establishments, family hotels and others. They do not know the demand for their product because they have no market research education, and even if they do, they do not have access to relevant information. The Georgian Tourism Administration performs this function to some extent, but it does not study it separately for the mountainous regions. However, farmers operating in highland settlements and the private and public sectors themselves point out the lack of qualified human resources and non-compliance with the requirements of the existing market. Vocational schools operate only in Mestia, Ambrolauri, Kazbegi (Stepantsminda and Gudauri) and Tianeti municipalities. At present, most of the mountainous settlements of Georgia are not covered by fiberoptic cable and also not all settlements have access to the services of mobile operators, which limits the access of the local population to the Internet and, consequently, is a barrier to development and access to services According to the population of highland settlements, access to transport is not easy either, although it increased from 31% to 61% between 2015-2018, but access to public transport remains one of the challenges. Only a small part of the highland settlements is supplied with gas supply, 1460 out of 1730 highland settlements (with 85045 potential customers) do not have natural gas supply. It is necessary to study this issue in this context because the mountainous places of Georgia are different and they offer different types of tourist services to tourists. None of them will surprise tourists (especially foreign tourists) with their buses or buses, but with sightseeing tours, hiking and boating routes, sightseeing tours, skiing and fishing, hiking and hiking. Yes. 1387.7 million GEL was spent from the state budget in 2019 on the improvement of Georgia's market infrastructure, road maintenance, construction of new highways, domestic and local roads, which is a grand figure. If the improvement of the mountains was a priority with this amount, then in these two years the "great return" of the population from the bar to the mountains would begin. Since this process has not started, it means that none of the Georgian authorities understood the purpose and significance of the mountain. With his opinions and excerpts from the works of other scientists, the author proves that the Georgian highlands have no alternative to the development of other fields besides tourism. Therefore, we should declare the mountains of Georgia only as a free economic zone for tourism and provide all the necessary benefits. In addition, it is necessary to create and operate a special legislative-normative framework for mining tourism in the context of a free zone, in which the calculation will be to provide tax benefits and provide pro-government support for cheap loans. With such support, mountain tourism will achieve noticeable success and, most importantly, mountain villages will no longer be depopulated. They will be actively involved in attracting tourists and will have an income. Developing a law on a mountainous region and adding 30 or 50 GEL to the salary of those working in the mountains will not change the demographic situation in the mountains, nor will a single 1000-1600 GEL deduction for the purchase of children help. "Radical breakthrough" is needed in the mountains . Today, tourism is a priority sector of the Georgian economy, and its development resources lie in the mountains of Georgia. At such times, when it comes to Georgia's budget, we clearly have Soviet "heredity" and "investment short-sightedness." The author considers Uruguay to be the best example of the development of the Georgian highlands and tourism there.Item Constituent elements of personnel policy system and its regulation in Georgian tourism and hospitality industry(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics, 2023) Baliashvili, ElisabedTourism and hospitality in the modern world and among them, in Georgia, has become one of the strong, important income-generating economic sectors for the country. This means that the industry presented today is a priority area of the economy, and the country's government and, in particular, the companies in this area, should take care of its systematic development, in the light of highlighting the peculiarities of tourism, developing the right personnel management policy and its effective regulation. The activities of the personnel of our country, regardless of the field in which they are employed, are primarily regulated by the governmental documents of Georgia and the relevant legislation regulating the field. The tourism and hospitality industry is a very specific field, as the personnel working in it, unlike those employed in other economic sectors, are required to have distinctive qualities. It is they who must create such a cohesive team of high responsibility, which will be able to offer visitors an impeccable service, and, most importantly, to react promptly and smoothly to the changed environment and the modern needs of tourists. Therefore, the article discusses: 1. Peculiarities of staff planning, selection and management of personnel policy system constituent elements; 2. Aspects of personnel policy system regulation - based on Georgian government documents and special laws in the tourism and hospitality industry. Unlike other industries, staffing in the tourism industry is planned first, qualitatively, and only then, quantitatively. Qualitative composition means: knowledge of this field, skills, accumulated competences and, as we have already mentioned, personal qualities pleasing to the guest - accuracy, precision, speed and others. Success in this field is not determined by the number of employees, but by their quality. Knowledge and ethical behavior are required here, because we are serving a guest. If we want the visitor to visit us again, we must offer him a tourist service with acceptable behavior and ethical norms. With appropriate information, the author of the article argues the existence of the peculiarities of personnel management in the tourism and hospitality industry, the need for personnel qualification and competence, and the necessary requirement for a high intellectual level of employees in this field, because the service personnel have a close intellectual connection with visitors and considers it necessary to take into account these characteristics - personnel planning, in the process of selection and management. Both analysis and planning of personnel are carried out in the companies of the tourism industry by carrying out a number of measures and consist of the following actions: 1. Analysis of business, personal and professional characteristics of enterprise personnel; 2. Expected changes in the supply of personnel from the labor market during the planning period; 3. Forecast of the corresponding company's demand for personnel in the planning period. And personnel planning and selection is carried out in three stages: 1. Preparatory stage. The following are carried out: orientation, professional selection, professional training; 2. Distributive stage. In progress: gathering of personnel, selection and deployment of the selected cadre to the workplaces; 3. Adaptation stage. It is carried out: adaptation of the newly received cadre and also the cadre transferred from one place of work to another. Management of the personnel employed in the organization is the same administrative labor process, which is carried out by the head of the personnel management service, that is, the personnel manager. Administrative work is mental work. With this work, the coordinated activity of the personnel is achieved in tourism. This is done by organizing, regulating, motivating and controlling the work of employees. The content of personnel management in tourism is determined by the personnel's knowledge, work habits, competencies, ability to cooperate and mutual respect, as well as compliance with legal norms. With his own opinions and excerpts from the works of other scientists, the author proves how important it is to regulate personnel policy and points out the shortcomings that exist in the relevant laws regulating the tourism sector of Georgia. Labor relations are discussed from market and institutional aspects. Those in favor of institutionalism give preference to social dialogue between the parties, while those in favor of market aspects prefer market demands. Regulation of labor relations in any form has both strengths and weaknesses. In today's conditions of globalization, labor relations are less protected in Georgia. The rights of staff to receive compensation equivalent to the work performed are often violated. This is the situation in the tourism sector as well. Foreign tourist companies, which bring visitors from different countries to Georgia, pay meager amounts to local escorts, porters and guides. In many cases, the situation is the same in terms of equal pay for staff in the hotel and restaurant business. In the opinion of the author, in the tourism and hospitality industry, as well as in other fields, there should be international standards in labor regulation and labor compensation, which everyone is obliged to follow. Private sector companies are given the right to choose independently, without state intervention, the forms of personnel development and remuneration-stimulation, employment placement and working conditions, team or group work and many others. Public sector organizations-institutions do not have the right to such independent action. Uniform rules apply to them in this area; The tourism and hospitality industry as a field is regulated by a special law - "On Tourism and Resorts", in which only general issues of tourism are regulated - concepts, types of tourism, activities, resources, resort places, resort industry and many others. It does not say anything about personnel regulation, it is entirely dedicated to tourist activities.Item Ties between wine industry and wine tourism and their possibilities(Publishing house Vyshemyrskyi V. S., 2017) Katsitadze, NanaThe objective of the study is to identify effective mechanisms for the development of wine industry and tourism, which represent strategically most important sectors of Georgian economy. Origination and development practice of wine tourism proves close relationship between the above sectors and their benefit. Popularity of wines with denominations of origin encourages development of tourism in wine regions, the outcomes of which are already evident in Kakheti region. The tourism destinations, which have already developed in Georgia, should be used for improving awareness of wine brand and creation of wine consumer. In addition, the research has shown that even in case of existence of resources, the above methods are effective only by applying innovations, creative approaches and differentiated strategies on target markets. Thus, to say it in general, it is a way for weak economies to remain competitive on international markets.Item Development of international tourism in eastern countries (using the example of Turkey)(Kharkiv National Pedagogical University named after G. S. Skovoroda, 2025) Aladashvili, Manana; Katsitadze, Nana; Tushishvili, NatelaTurkey is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. Its geographical location, rich cultural heritage, historical monuments, beautiful beaches and cuisine make it one of the most attractive places for tourists. Turkey is one of the leading countries in international tourism and the development of its tourism sector plays an important role in the country's economic growth. The number of visitors to Turkey in 2024 increased by 9% and reached 49.2 million. During the same period, tourism revenues showed a 7% increase and amounted to 46.9 billion USD. The average daily expenditure of one international visitor in Turkey reaches 107 USD. Which is a record figure for the country. The relationship between Turkey and Georgia in international tourism is very active and both countries play an important role in each other's tourism market. Georgia's popularity for Turkish tourists: Georgia is often mentioned as one of the safest and most beautiful destinations. Many Turkish tourists have already appreciated Georgia's mountainous landscape, unique cuisine and traditions . In general, the relationship between Georgia and Turkey in tourism has great commercial and cultural advantages. Main aspects contributing to the development of tourist relations between Georgia and Turkey: regional proximity, cultural similarity, variety of tourist destinations, visa-free regime (Katsitadze, N., 2020).Item The role of staff in business security(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2021) Veshapidze, Shota; Otinashvili, RamazGeorgia’s gross domestic product fell by almost 6% in 2020 as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. This poses a threat to both the public and private sectors of the economy. To overcome the challenges, it is important to increase the role of the firm’s staff in ensuring business security. The selection of reliable employees has an ancient history; this problem arose when the first hired workers appeared. The resulting selection methods have undergone many changes and improvements. Until recently, the emphasis had been on the professional training of staff and was defined by such formal marks as: education, qualifications, experience, etc. In modern times, the demands on the personal qualities of the employee have increased significantly as staff employed in the business often have to deal with information that may be of interest to competing firms. Advanced companies have developed a proven, comprehensive methodology for checking eligibility for vacancies. The security service of the firm is involved in the mentioned works, together with the personnel department. Coordination with external agencies is required to collect and verify data. To ensure a high quality of study, each candidate undergoes a thorough, scrupulous examination. In addition to general inspection technology, the head of the security service undergoes an additional scrupulous examination. Both open psychological testing and covert and indirect testing, as well as disguised testing, several interviews including covert. It is good if the candidate for the mentioned position will be brought up in the company itself. In selecting employees in Georgia, closeness - relatives, friends, neighbors, etc. are crucial. If a person is not “close,” lucre is often used as well. This is due to the low level of competition. This is one of the reasons why Georgian companies are less successful.Item Georgia's Aspiration Towards EU Integration: A Pathway to Economic and Social Prosperity(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2025) Veshapidze, ShotaGeorgia’s aspiration to integrate into the European Union (EU) is a significant factor that is transforming the country’s political landscape and improving its economic and social well-being. This article examines Georgia’s path towards EU integration, analyzing its economic, social and political reforms against the backdrop of EU standards. By examining the strategic benefits and challenges of integration, the study aims to understand the multifaceted nature of EU-Georgia relations, highlighting the opportunities and obstacles that lie ahead. As Georgia continues to strengthen its ties with Europe, EU integration is seen as a path to economic modernization, democratic development, and regional stability, making it a key area for Georgia’s future. The aim of this article is to assess Georgia’s progress towards EU integration by examining how this trajectory can enhance its economic and social development, as well as its potential to overcome the challenges of the process. It focuses on Georgia’s EU integration process, specifically examining the economic, political, and social consequences of EU membership. It examines the strategies, policies, and institutional changes needed for successful integration. The object of the study is the process of Georgia's integration into the European Union, with a particular focus on its economic reforms, social transformation and compliance with EU standards. The study uses qualitative and quantitative methods, including a review of policy documents, EU reports and academic articles. Comparative analysis is used to assess the experiences of other Eastern European countries in the process of joining the EU. The practical significance of this work lies in its potential to inform policymakers, international organizations, and Georgian citizens about the benefits and challenges of EU integration. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the necessary reforms and strategic decisions needed to ensure Georgia's smooth and successful accession to the EU. The conclusion is that Georgia’s European integration is a complex and dynamic process that delivers significant economic and social benefits. However, the path to membership requires significant reforms, sustained political will, and active participation of Georgian citizens. Georgia, if it successfully advances its EU accession process, could serve as an example for other countries in the region aspiring to European integration.Item On the basic concepts of economic security assurance(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2024) Veshapidze, ShotaThis article delves into the fundamental concepts of economic security as developed by three significant economists: Friedrich List, John Maynard Keynes, and Hernando de Soto. It explores their varying perspectives on economic security, examining their historical context, theories, and contributions to the broader field of economics. The article also evaluates how their ideas continue to shape current economic policies and practices. Through a critical literature review, the paper highlights the relevance of their theories to modern global economic systems, providing a comparative analysis of their economic security models. The goal is to offer a deeper understanding of how these thinkers have influenced economic security discourse and how their ideas can be applied in contemporary economic challenges. The practical significance of this article lies in its potential to inform policymakers, economists, and institutions working on global and national economic security issues. By understanding the foundational theories of economic security, policymakers can develop strategies that integrate historical perspectives with contemporary challenges. Additionally, this study provides valuable insights into the role of state intervention, economic policies, and property rights in promoting economic stability and growth.Item European experience of green energy development and prospects for Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2024) Veshapidze, ShotaThe subject of this paper is the development of recommendations for the development of renewable energy sources in Georgia. For this purpose, the article analyzes the practice of leading European countries in the field of renewable energy sources. The paper shows: two main mechanisms supporting this industry. The significance of implementation of clean energy promotion measures in Georgia is analyzed and recommendations for their improvement are given.Item Features of remote employment in Georgia(Publishing house "science journals", 2022) Tkemaladze, IrmaIn the conditions of the global pandemic, remote employment has become an important factor in ensuring the continuity of labor activities of individual socio-demographic groups of the population. At the same time, its spread in Georgia has a kind of "forced" character, and it is not an evolutionary way of replacing standard forms of employment with non-standard ones approved in the West. In fact, the process has evolved in a revolutionary way under the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic. As empirical research has shown, the legal remote employment market is characterized by a growth trend according to the following indicators: number of participants, volume of turnover of the projects, professional status, age limit, involvement of low-competitive population, including people with disabilities, overcoming regional imbalances, reduction of general and administrative costs of business. Two forms of remote employment are identified: full and hybrid. Empirical research has established the attitudes of employees towards the mentioned form of employment in the post-pandemic period. It turns out that more than half of the surveyed employees (52%) will continue to work remotely if employers agree. In our opinion, the given percentage allows us to assert that remote employment has real prospects for spreading and developing in the national labor market. We also believe that if it were not for various hindering factors, the share of respondents wishing to have standard employment would be even lower than the results of the survey show.Item Modern labor market in Georgia - challenges and solutions(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2023) Tkemaladze, IrmaIn today's labor market, it is crucial to understand the relationship between education, work experience, and professional skills in order to ensure effective employment. This article aims to investigate the impact of measures aimed at improving these aspects on the employment landscape. By analyzing the correlation coefficient, specifically Pearson's coefficient, we can determine their influence on effective employment. Furthermore, we will identify factors that hinder career progression and create barriers for new entrants to the job market. Additionally, we will explore the prevalence of non-standard employment forms and their potential for growth. Extensive research on the current labor market situation has shed light on the factors that impede career advancement and create artificial barriers for newcomers. Moreover, we have identified the factors influencing secondary and incomplete employment. In this article, we will delve into the scale of non-standard employment in the labor market and investigate its future prospects. Several working hypotheses were formulated and tested to gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter. The first hypothesis (H1) posits that "increasing work experience affects earnings growth." Through examination, we discovered that accumulated human capital from work experience does enhance employment opportunities but does not guarantee effective employment. The second hypothesis (H2) explores the impact of measures aimed at improving professional skills on wage increases. The findings indicate that while such measures did lead to wage growth for a small portion of respondents, it is clear that education, at this stage, primarily serves as a signal to employers in the selection process rather than creating institutional connections between education and employment systems. This lack of connection ultimately devalues education and human capital, limiting the creation of innovative job opportunities. The third hypothesis (H3), which has been confirmed through our research, explores the correlation between the length of work experience and the demand for social guarantees. This hypothesis specifically aims to assess the potential for the proliferation of non-standard forms of employment. It is paramount to acknowledge that the provision of social guarantees within the employment process holds significant importance for employees with substantial work experience. Consequently, our research has led us to a crucial conclusion: the historical memory of receiving diverse forms of assistance and the reliance on the state can pose as significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of non-standard employment arrangements, particularly those with more negative connotations, within the context of Georgia. Our analysis of the factors influencing secondary and incomplete employment has yielded significant insights. We have determined that these forms of employment are often a result of negative economic events. Most individuals engage in such employment out of necessity, driven by low incomes, rather than by choice (H4 and H5). The majority of respondents expressed a willingness to abandon secondary and part-time employment if provided with stable working conditions and adequate remuneration. Our research has highlighted the barriers faced by young individuals seeking to enter the labor market. Insufficient work experience, largely due to the ineffective functioning of internship programs, often hampers their ability to secure employment. Additionally, employers' ill-considered and unsubstantiated qualification requirements for vacant positions create artificial barriers for this segment of the labor force to adapt to the job market. Based on the findings of this study, we have formulated several recommendations to improve the labor market situation. It is crucial to establish stronger connections between education and employment systems, fostering innovation and creating more opportunities for job seekers. Furthermore, internships should be redesigned to provide young individuals with practical experience and enhance their employability. Employers should also reassess their qualification requirements to ensure they accurately reflect the needs of the job and do not unnecessarily exclude qualified candidates. In conclusion, by understanding the interplay between education, work experience, and professional skills, we can enhance employment effectiveness. By addressing the identified challenges and implementing the recommended improvements, we can create a more inclusive labor market that offers better opportunities for individuals to achieve meaningful and effective employment.