Browsing by Author "Khmaladze, Merab"
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Item Birth statistics in Georgia in XIX and early XX centuries(Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”, 2018) Khmaladze, MerabIn the past, throughout the history of the humankind, birth rates used to depend on the biological potential of women and widowhood. Child labor and high mortality rates among infants were the two main determinants of the accordingly high birth rate. As the two factors became less significant, the birth rates came down, too. The available statistics makes up presume that the intra-family birth control in Georgia should have started in the first quarter of the XIX c. It should be said that at the time, the European, economic type reproduction was characteristic to Georgia. It has been since 1865 that the birth rates in this country started falling significantly. The next falls occurred during and as a result of the two world wars. Afterwards, the birth rates went up so much so to meet the expanded reproduction standards in the first half of the XX c. However, they were rather modest compared to Europe (including Russia) or the neighboring Armenia and Azerbaijan. The mortality rate was not high either, and it was owing to that in terms of the natural population growth Georgia was not behind its neighbors.Item Demographic problems of Georgia(Publishing house of Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 2014) Khmaladze, MerabDemographic crisis in Georgia began in 1990 as a result of common crisis. From this period to the present day, reproduction level is not capable to ensure expanded playback. There is expected a sharp decline in population, which possibly will lead to a Georgia’s weakening in demographic, political and economic capacity.Item Demographics of Tbilisi(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2021) Khmaladze, MerabMore or less reliable statistical data regarding the number of Tbilisi population,can be found since 1770. According to the list of population of Kartli-Kakheti region, as compiled in the above mentioned year, the population of Tbilisi was 20.9 thousand. By the beginning of the 19thcentury (as at 1800), the population of Tbilisi was estimated at 15 thousand, while in 1832 –at 26 thousand. In conditions of relatively peaceful period ,in the 19th century, the population of Tbilisi increased significantly at the expense of both natural and migratory increases, and according to a very reliable, one-day census conducted in 1876, it was estimated at 104 thousand. According to one-day census conducted in 1886, the population of Tbilisi reached 145, and according to the 1897 census, it reached 160 thousand. In the20thcentury, the growth of Tbilisi population accelerated dramatically and reached one million in 1975. As of January 1, 2021, the population of Tbilisi is 1202.7 thousand. Historically, Georgians have not been the dominant nation in the population of Tbilisi. According to our calculations, only in 1961 the Georgians exceeded half of the population of Tbilisi.Item Demography of the Georgian village(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2012) Khmaladze, MerabGeorgia keeps high relative density of agricultural population. At the same time, within last twenty years, this indicator has increased by several percentage points. Also, it is considerably increases the number of villages without the population. A quarter of all the villages are unpromising which in the near future threaten to be deserted. In 1970-2002 the number of the big villages with the population of five thousand and more, has increased from twelve to twenty-eight.Item Development of statistical methods of correlation-regression analysis(Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”, 2012) Khmaladze, MerabMeasuring the degree of coupling between the processes of business is an important problem in the theory of statistics. Initially, the connection between the processes studied by means of statistical tables and balance sheets. In parallel, mathematical-statistical study of the direction of bonds. The invention belongs to the correlation method British biologist Francis Galton, and in the measurement of the degree of connection between the phenomena of much of the credit belongs to mathematics and statistics British Karl Pearson. In the development of this method played an important role such scholars as George U. Yule, Maurice G. Kendall, Gustav T. Fechner, A. Chuprov and others.Item Ethno-demographic processes and ethnic conflicts in Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2020) Khmaladze, Merab; Chitaladze, KetevanIn the 1990s, the ethnic conflicts incited by Russia were directed against the secession and formation of Georgia from the Soviet Empire as an independent state. The negative consequences of these ethnic conflicts still have a negative impact on Georgia. The purpose of writing this paper was to investigate whether the ongoing ethno-demographic processes in Georgia were one of the causes of the conflict. For this purpose, based on the historical and modern statistical information related to the problem, we have established that the ongoing ethno-demographic processes in Georgia from the 19th to the 1990s cannot be the cause of ethno-conflicts. Historically, the population of Abkhazian and Ossetian nationalities lived in a better demographic situation than Georgians. According to the latest statistics of 1959-1979 years, Georgians were characterized by low birth rates and high mortality rates compared to Abkhazians and Ossetians, which led to a high natural increase in them compared to Georgians. Due to the demographic situation, Georgians had more conflict situation. It is clear that neither Abkhazians nor Ossetians had limited their demographic development. Consequently, ethno-demographic processes could not be the cause of ethnic conflicts. These conflicts were not ethno-conflicts. This was Russia’s aggression against Georgia’s state independence. After the 2008 military conflict between Russia and Georgia, Russia openly occupied Abkhazia and the Tskhinvali region, which is still under the control of Russia.Item Evolution of mortality and life expectancy(Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”, 2014) Khmaladze, Merab; Akhalaia, NanaIncrease in life expectancy is humanity upgrade progress, but factors impeding progress is accompanied by increases in life expectancy, for example: starvation and shortages of food, tobacco and drug addiction, alcoholism and other social anomalies.Item National composition of the population of Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2019) Khmaladze, MerabKnowledge of the national composition of the population, its dynamics, the structural changes taking place in it and the national composition of the population of the regions is the basis for conducting the country's national policy. Statistical information on the national composition of the population shall be obtained only from the population censuses. As a result of Russia’s colonial policy in the 19th century, the influx of foreigners into Georgia took place. As a result, the national composition of the country has changed significantly and the share of Georgians has declined. The colonial policy of population influx continued in the Soviet Empire too until the 1950s, after which it was reversed. The outflow of non-Georgians has peaked since the 1990s. As a result, the share of Georgians according to the 2014 census reached 84.5 percent.Item The natural movement of the population in Post-soviet Georgia(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2018) Khmaladze, MerabNatural movement of population and its result, the number of population, is the strength of a country. The economic, political and military strength of the nation depends primarily upon the number of population. In addition, natural movement of population determines demographic security of the country. Such low natural growth rate of the population, like in post-Soviet Georgia, has never been observed in Georgia. In quantitative indicators, the generation of children has always exceeded the generation of their parents. However, in post-Soviet Georgia the number of the children born is less than the number of their parents’ generation. In 1950-1989 the average annual natural increase amounted to 58.5 thousand while in 1990-2017 it was only 8.4 thousand, 7 times less compared to the previous indicator.Item Reproductive disposition of Georgian students and youth(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2020) Khmaladze, Merab; Gelashvili, Simon; Shonia, ZamiraAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union, in Georgia, as in the other former Soviet republics, a general crisis erupted that covered all aspects of life, including demographic relations. The birth rate has fallen sharply, meeting only the needs of short-lived reproduction. In 2018, about two times fewer babies were born than in 1990. Under such a regime of population reproduction, the generation of parents would have been replaced by a smaller number of children. There were years when the natural growth of the Georgian population was zero. Today, the demographic situation is slightly improved, but it takes many years to achieve the desired situation. The generation of parents is replaced by the generation of children in equal numbers. But such a regime of population reproduction is unacceptable for Georgia, whose population declined sharply in the post-Soviet period, from 1992 to 2018 (from 5.5 million to 3.7 million, or 32.7%). This is an alarming situation and such a decline in population has not occurred in any post-Soviet country. Throughout Georgia, student demographic sentiment surveys were first conducted at the Tbilisi State University, Department of Economic and Social Statistics in 2019, within the framework of the targeted research project of the Faculty of Economics and Business - “Student Demographic Mood of Georgia”. The obtained data were processed and the corresponding indices were calculated using SPSS software. The reproductive mood of students and youth, that is, the attitude towards childbearing and its study, is an important condition for predicting Georgia’s demographic future. Our study gave some encouraging results, namely: students named 3 children as the desired number of children in the family and 2.8 expected. Both of these points fully support the expanded reproduction mode of the population, of course, if realized in the future.Item Research of the market demand for economics and business faculty graduates of the Tbilisi State University(2016) Khmaladze, MerabThe paper depicts the market demand for economics and business faculty graduates of I. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. The discussed issues include description of the employed graduates, the faculty image, advantages of the aforementioned graduates compared to those of the other universities, key employment criteria etc. The results of the study were delivered to the Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs of Georgia.Item Role of immigration in the formation of Georgian population(Mahmut DEMİR, 2015) Khmaladze, Merab; Akhalaia, NanaImmigration played a great role in formation of population of Georgia. We are able to establish tendencies of this process from the beginning of XIX century. By that period, the country had been ruined and bled professedly by permanent invasions for centuries. Most of territories were unpopulated or under-populated that made suitable conditions for settlers from other countries. By 1800, P. Gugushvili estimated Georgian population with 675.0 thousand inhabitants. In discussed period – 1800-2015, in formation of population of Georgia immigration was acting as in direction of increasing and reducing the population. In particular: in 1800-1897 rise in migration of Georgia is positive and it was 544,0 thousand people; in 1897-1939 rise in migration of Georgia is positive and it was 314,2 thousand people; in 1939-1950 rise in migration was zero; in 1950-1990 migration reduction was 391,1 thousand; in 1990-2015- reduction was 1839,3 thousand people. Totally, migration balance of population of Georgia in 1800-2015 shows reduction of population, 1378,2 thousand people that comes to historical period after 1950-ies.Item Self-sufficiency of post-soviet Georgia with agricultural products(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2023) Khmaladze, Merab; Giorgobiani, Maia; Chitaladze, KetevanAgriculture is a form of the country's strategic activity: the Georgians themselves are an ancient agricultural people, although today's agriculture in Georgia cannot be considered a successful industry. By 2020, it accounts for 7.3% of Sakrtvelo's gross domestic product and 19.8% of employees. Accordingly, the issue of self-sufficiency in agricultural products of the country is acute. For this, the dynamics of horticulture and livestock production in Soviet and post-Soviet Georgia, the issue of import dependence of agriculture, the country's self-sufficiency ratios by types of main agricultural products are analyzed.