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Item Die Kolkhis, Iberien und der Polemonische Pontos nach numismatischen materialen(UniversitätsVerlag Konstanz, 1990) Dundua, TedoItem Review of Georgian Coins with Byzantine Iconography(Industria grafica Gaggini-Bizzozero SA, 2000) Dundua, TedoItem The Three-Church Basilica Type in Georgia(2001) Dundua, Tedo; Silagadze, NinoItem Influx of the Roman Coins in Georgia(Moneta, 2005-09-03) Dundua, TedoItem ზარზმის მონასტერი სერაპიონ ზარზმელის „ცხოვრების“ მიხედვით(2007) ლაბაძე, რუსუდან / Labadze, RusudanThe present publication is dedicated to one of the most important monasteries – Zarzma, as the centre of divine service, spirituality, historic and intellectual life. The history of founding Zarzma Monastery is described in the Life of Serapion of Zarzma. There are different points of view in connection with dating the work "Tskhovreba" (Life) of the founder Zarzma Monastery and its first Father-Superior - Serapion. In this chapter are discussed the opinions that have been expressed in scholarship on the basis of comparing the “Life" with the information of other sources. There are two groups of scholars, having different opinions on this question. One asserts that the work was written earlier, the other one presents more and more arguments to prove its being of a later date, thus trying to get the better of their opponents. The supporters of the point of view of the earlier dating think that the work represents the history of the 2nd half of the 6th century, and the work itself was written in the 1st half of the 7th century; the supporters of the other point of view consider that Serapion's vita describes the situation, existing in the 2nd half of the 9th century (MsNatelaVachnadze still more narrowed this date and declared it to be the 80s of the 9th century), and it must have been written in the 1st half of the 10th century, much earlier than 951. There is a third intermediate point of view (Simon NikolozJanashia) who thought that the date shouldn't have been lower than the 8th century. The earlier dating of the” Life" was raised by the Georgian scholar Mr. PavleIngorokva; however, in the much later academic edition of scholar's work did not include this subject in it at all. In this way the scholar himself rejected his own point of view about "Tskhovreba" having been written in earlier times. Meanwhile, the point f view of the later dating was universally acknowledged (Donald Rayfield).Item საიქიოს მესამე ქვეყნის დაბადება(2009) ლაბაძე, რუსუდან / Labadze, RusudanThe article deals with the study of monograph of a famous French historian, Jacques Le Goff - The Birth of Purgatory, which was printed in Paris in 1981. In the cited work is discussed an important problem of the Western Christianity, such as the change of the other world picture (hell-paradise) with a new one (hell-purgatory-paradise). According to Jacques Le Goff purgatory as the space and time was formed between 3th-12th centuries and was connected with the redemption of some sins after death by purifying fire. It was the faith of temporal punishment, where souls of those who have died without mortal sin can expiate their venial sins by temporary suffering before enter heaven. The faith of purgatory was born in practice: suffrages of the living by prayers, alms and other good works for the salvation of their souls who have died. The Biblical dossier of purgatory (which was denied by the most of heretics in the middle ages and Protestants) consists of four texts: 1.In the Old Testament: The sacrifice ordered by Jude Maccabeus for the redemption of sins of the soldiers who died in battle (II Mac. XII, 41-46); 2.In the New Testament: a. The text from the Gospel according to Matthew which mentions about forgiving sins in a next world (Matthew XII, 31-32); b. The passage from the Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, which describes the purification of some category of sinners after death quasi per ignem (so as through fire) (I Corinthians, III, 11-15), text of Saint Paul which was the object of the most comments in the middle ages; c. The history of the poor Lazarus and the rich man (Luke, XVI, 19-31). According to Jacques Le Goff Abraham’s bosom described in the Gospel was the first Christian incarnation of purgatory. The idea about an intermediate place and time of the other world on a theological level appeared with refrigerium (refreshing place) of Tertullian, while the ideas of Clement of Alexandria and Origen have no posterity in Greek Christianity. Veritable Fathers of purgatory St.Augustine and Gregory the Great laid down theoretical foundations to the doctrine of purgatory rejected by the Eastern Church during the debates of the 12-th century. Between 1170-1180 in Latin appeared the noun purgatorium, which practically was the birth of purgatory as the determined place. In the 13-th century purgatory have well installed in the Western Christianity: on a dogmatic level in the letter of Innocent IV (1254) and in the reports of the second Council of Lyons (1274) within the union of Latin and Greek Churches; On a theological level with integration of purgatory in the great theological systems; And in believers, on a mass level, by sermons and the exempla. At last the poetic triumph of purgatory - The Divine Comedyof Dante, where the third place of the other world settled down between hell and paradise.Item ისტორიკოსის ტერიტორიის მეპატრონე(მერიდიანი, 2009) ლაბაძე, რუსუდან / Labadze, Rusudan"The Peasants of Laguedoc", "The Territory of the Historian", The History of Climate since the Yesr 1000", "Montaillou. Cathars and Catholics in a French Village" (1294-1324) - this is a short list of Ladurie's works. In these books the scholar extraordinarily expanded the borders of the historian's territory. He included the analysis of quantitative information into research, and the appearance of climate - a new phenomenon, under the protection of Clio became permanently connected with the French historian's name. Ladurie's "History without Human Beings" is a history of nature where human being only lives and does not rule. The Georgian translation of one of the chapters of "Montaillou" - "Temporary Unions" with a commentary, is appended to the article.Item Der freie Wille in der Hermeneutik des Origenes(2010) Dolidze, TinaItem დეზერტირობის პრობლემა საქართველოს პირველი დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკის (1918-1921წწ.) რეგულარულ არმიაში(მერიდიანი, 2011) სილაქაძე, დიმიტრიDesertion created severe complications in founding the regular army of the first democratic republic of Georgia (1918-1921). A slight cast of a glance over the archival materials makes us sure in it. As many as 2707 soldiers fled from the army from November 1920 till the beginning of January 1921. What were the reasons of all these? Initially it was a complex social environment in the country which used to find its reflection on the army too. There were problems of ill-equipped barracks, food and various diseases in Georgian army. In some units, it was followed by the brutal treatment of private soldiers from the side of officers and under-officers. Also should be considered that the horrible results of WWI and the revolution aggravated negative public sentiment towards military service. It was accompanied by Bolsheviks’ antigovernment agitation in the army units. The liberal approach of the government of Georgian democratic re-public to the resolution of desertion problem turned out to be ineffective.Item ოდიშის სამთავროს საუფლისწულოები(მერიდიანი, 2011) ჩიქობავა, აკაკიThere existed the special form of landownership in the Medieval Georgia. It was called the “Prince Domain” and it represented the signoria belonging to the successors to the royal or princely thrones. In Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms the “Prince Domain” was created from the lands of the Royal Domain and was given to the princes, who were ruling it. “Salipartiano” was the biggest “Prince Domain” in the Odishi (Megrelia) Principality, which belonged to the Dadianis, the ruling house of Odishi Principality. “Salipartiano” has to be created at the edge of the 14-15th cc. as a result of the battles conducted by the Odishi Princes against the “Trans-Likhi Kings” (Western Georgia). Its first owner was Liparit, son of Mamia II Dadiani (1396/97-1412). The domain was named after him and literally means the “property of Liparit”. The background of the creation of the “Prince Domain” in Odishi Principality was different from the one of the “Princes’ Domains” (“Savakhtango”, “Samukhranbatono”) in the Eastern Georgia. In Odishi Principality the “Prince Domain” is created from the lands taken from the other principalities or confiscated from the lords, and it is ruled by the brother or the uncle of the Prince. The same event is observed in the Kingdom of “Abkhazs” in the 8-9th cc. Therefore, such creation of the “Prince Domain” can be considered as characteristic only to the Western Georgia. Basing on the analysis of the sources, there were some other “Princes’ Domains” in Odishi Principality, and they also were created on the taken/confiscated territory. The first one was a “Prince Domain” created in “Sadjavakho”, which was ruled by Bathulia, the brother of Levan I Dadiani (1533-1572). We designated it as “Sabathulio” for the further reference. The second one was created on the lands confiscated from the Chiladzes and was ruled by Mamia IV Dadiani (1582-1590), when he was prince during the pricipality of his brother Giorgi Dadiani.Item ქართულ-ბალტიური ურთიერთობა II მსოფლიო ომის დროს (1939-1945 წწ.)(მერიდიანი, 2011) ჯავახიშვილი, ნიკოIn the article we have studied, what kind of relationship existed between Georgian and Baltic nations during the World War II. It is well known, that in those times, certain number of the Georgian militaries (several thousand) fought on territories of Baltic States: Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Part of them were serving in the Soviet Army, and another part – in the German Army. The progressive part of the Georgian militaries, fighting on both sides of the front, treated freedom-loving Baltic local population with compassion. Indeed, they, like Georgians (in 1921), had become victims of military occupation. Some Georgian and Baltic patriots experienced the terror of Soviet repressive regime together.Item ქართული თურქოლოგიის ახალი ფურცელი(მერიდიანი, 2011) ჯიქია, მარიკაItem ΜΟΣΧΟΣ ΜΟΣΧΟΥ(მერიდიანი, 2011) დუნდუა, თედოCivil war of 69 reveals freedman Moschus as admiral of the Roman fleet subordinated to Emperor M. Salvius Otho. In the 1st - 2nd cc. the Roman citizenship was a prerequisite for enrolment in the legion but not for service in other units, such as the two Italian fleets. That is why Moschus found himself in his position. Romans used to give specific names to the slaves and freedmen, often connected with their original nationality. ex. Emperor Aulus Vitellius, rival of Otho, had Asiaticus, as a favourite, gradually alloting him with the Roman citizenship and nomen. Having on mind Meskheti (Graeco-Roman Moschicē), a province of Iberia (Eastern and Southern Georgia), one can suggest Iberia, as a mother-land for Moschus or his parent. If so, he could also be called Iberian (Iber), like Gaios the Iberian (KaiØc × !Ib¢r), mentioned on the bronze plate from Platea in Greece. In the Roman World a slave or a freedman, Moschus by name could be only Georgian. Greek case is different, for Moschos is original Greek name with the Greek etimology, employed rather extensively. There are no chances if proving the Georgian origin for Moschos of Elis, philosopher, Moschos of Lampsacos, tragic poet, and Moschos of Syracuse, famous bucolic poet. This name had its derivative forms, like as follows: MØsqic, MØsqioc, MosqianØc, MØsqin, Mosqënh, MØsqion, Mosqëwn, MØsqiloc, Mosq na, Mosq noc. Both, substratum and a derivative form found themselves joined in the 3rd c. B.C. in the name of Hellenized Jewish slave, inscribed on plaque from Oropos near Athens – MØsqoc Mosqëwnoc !Iouda oc. Son could have father’s name in the Greek society, but these cases are not frequent if not within the Hellenistic dynasties. If it happened like as follows: Mōšéh is a general name to denote a Jew, and “Moschos” – very close to it in phonetical way. But, if we have MØsqoc MØsqou and apparently he is not a Jew, then he must be Iberian, whose direct, or far ancestor had been taken away from the Iberian province of Meskheti. This duplicity in the name could mean nothing but stressing the ethnicity properly. For a transformation of ethnonym into proper name we have example, [K]Ølqoc gÑ[graf]sen on Greek pottery. Final step for those barbarian slaves and freedmen was a citizenship. MØsqoc MØsqou occurs, at least, for three times – twice, on the coins, once – in inscription. Magistrate of Smyrna, perhaps, in the 2nd c. B.C., he put his name on the bronze coins of the city, the so-called Homereias (Apollo/Rev. Homer. ΜΟΣΧΟΣ ΜΟΣΧΟΥ). Maybe, that was him again to issue Kybele/Rev. Aphrodite Stratonikis type bronze coins with the legend ΜΟΣΧΟΣ ΜΟΣΧΟΥ, and to be mentioned in the Greek inscription of the theatre in Halikarnassos (the 3rd - 2nd cc. B.C.) – ΜΟΣΧΟΣΜΟΣΧΟΥ TOΥMO[ΣΧΟΥ]. We are moving to declare one of the leading families of Smyrna in the 2nd c. B.C. to be of the Georgian origin.Item ცოტა რამ შოთა მესხიას ცხოვრებისა და აკადემიური მოღვაწეობის შესახებ(მერიდიანი, 2011) ლორთქიფანიძე, მარიამItem "ამანათობის" ინსტიტუტი საქართველო-რუსეთის ურთიერთობებში (XVI-XVIII სს.)(მერიდიანი, 2011) ჟუჟუნაშვილი, გიორგიThe present work deals with the issues concerning Georgian-Russian relationship. Institute of political hostages, as the way of Russian policy, was used in relation with neighboring countries. It was widely in use in domestic and external affairs. The institute of political hostages was one of the major guarantee of loyalty even in 60-s of 19th century for the Russian Empire. We do not share the opinion maintained by some members of Georgian historiography that Orthodox Russians had never demanded the hostages from Georgian sovereigns. North-Caucasian and Siberian princes were directly demanded to send the hostages, while the Georgians could have been demanded some guarantees in exchange for military assistance. In 90-s of 16th century a demand to send the hostages was met with hursh protest by the Georgians and the Russian side never discussed this issue again. But “Amanatoba” changed her appearance and the issue was resolved differently. The issues like marital arrangement between the brides and bridegrooms, visit and delay of Georgian prince – “son of Russian Tsar”, Erekle-Nikolay in Moscow, also after treaty of Georgievsk “visit” of Mirian and Teimuraz in Russia should be understood as the way of keeping the political hostages in Russian Empire.Item კომპლიმენტის გამომხატველი ფრაზების სტრუქტურული აგებულება თანამედროვე ქართულ ენაში(მერიდიანი, 2011) გოჩიტაშვილი, ქეთევანThe compliment is a remarkable means of interpersonal communications expressing, both, admire, prize etc. (personal level) and the communication culture type of nation (general level). The choosing and using of compliments is considerably depended on the personal-individual and objective (situational) circumstances. The paper is exploring the structure of phrases expressing compliments in Modern Georgian Language. They are as follows: 1. Direct compliments (with several sub-groups) – “You look nice today” 2. Indirect compliments (with several sub-groups as well) – “Your spouse is beautiful.” 3. Compliment-Antithesis – “I guess, it must be difficult to be so beautiful.” 4. Compliment-answer (with verity of content: expressing thanks, positive, negative) – “You look great”. – Thanks. You too. Compliments mostly are realized in the dialogical form, massage sent via compliment is emotionally marked and contains assessment of object. Use of the compliment In Georgian is not free. It depends on situation, gender and age of communicators, social position, level of acquaintance, etc.Item რეცენზია აპოლონ თაბუაშვილის ნაშრომზე – "ერეკლე მეორის ეკონომიკური კონცეფციები და რეფორმები ქვეყნის მმართველობის მოდერნიზაციისათვის". თბ. 2010(მერიდიანი, 2011) ჟუჟუნაშვილი, გიორგიItem სევასტოსის ტიტული შუა საუკუნეების ქართულ პოლიტიკურ რეალობაში(მერიდიანი, 2011) თავაძე, ლერიImperial title of Sebastos was Greek correspondence for Latin Autgustus. It had been specially preserved for Emperors of Byzantium. Later the Sebastos was dishonored to senatorial rank and Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (1081-1118) used that title for constructing the new system of court hierarchy that was firmly based on Sebastos. Reformation of Alexios Komnenos occurred in the beginning of his reign. Sebastos was the derivation used for the male sovereigns and the Sebaste was female form. At first Sebaste was imperial dignity preserved for Empresses alone, but later favorites, ex-wifes, and unofficial consorts of Emperors possessed that dignity as well. Among the first out of Imperial family who was nominated as Sebaste is Helena, ex-wife of Romanus III Argyrus (1028-1034). Later two favorites of Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (1042-1055) possessed the same dignity. One among them was unknown princess from Alania, daughter of Alanian sovereign. Some historians has doubted of her Alanian origin, and hypothesized that she was from Georgia. According to our research, we have supposed that Alan Sebaste was either the daughter of Dorgholel the Great (1035-1075, c.), King of Alania or the female offspring of Liparit IV Baghvashi Grand feudal of Georgia in 11th century. Emperor was generious in subsidizing all her household. Hence the importance of Alan princess should not be underestimated in Caucasian politics. Among Georgian kings who used to be the bearers of title of Sebastos are: Bagrat IV (1027-1072 r.), his son Giorgi II (1072-1089 r.), and David IV the Restorer (1089-1125 r.), son of Giorgi II. In 1060 new Emperor of Byzantium Constantine X Dukas had granted that title to Bagrat IV. Giorgi II received the title of Sebastos in 1073. The last Georgian ruler named to be Sebastos was David IV the Restorer. He presumably was granted with that title in 1083 when David had been crowned as the co-ruler of his father. The function of Sebastos was following: The dignity was used to be among the highest ranks of court hierarchy of Byzantine Empire; Emperor provided some financial support so-called roga on the behalf of Sebastos; the title also had some military functions. Before the reformation of court system, Sebastos was the highest Senatorial title after Caesar. Later the title was debased. The Chronology of Sebastos in Georgian political reality is following: 1) ‘Alan’ Sebaste – favorite of Constantine IX Monomachus 1050-1055 (presumably of Georgian or Alanian origin). 2) Bagrat IV of Georgia, 1060-1072. 3) Giorgi II of Georgia, 1073-1076/81. 4) David IV the Restorer of Georgia 1083-1094.Item იყო თუ არა ივანე ჯავახიშვილი რიკერტიანელი?(მერიდიანი, 2011) კალანდაძე, მერაბThe issue whether famous Georgian historian, academician Ivane Javakhishvili was a follower of Heinrich Rickert, one of the leading Neo- Kantians, is a subject of the historiographical debate. More caution is needed when declaring him as Rickertian, as it was done by Prof. Grigol Natadze. It is probable that Ivane Javakhishvili knew about the views of Neo-Kantians, but it is difficult to say whether they had any impact on his outlook. This question needs to be studied thoroughly. First, the history philosophy of Ivane Javakhishvili has to be determined. Unfortunately, it should be mentioned that the information on this subject is insufficient, and it complicates the matter a lot.