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Item 1121 წელს საქართველოში შემოჭრილი მუსლიმთა კოალიციური ლაშქრის მიზანი და მარშრუტი(2018) ბახტაძე, მიხეილOn 12 August, 1121, the coalition army headed by Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq suffered defeat from the Georgian troops under the command of King David IV Aghmashenebeli. Various questions arising in connection with the battle are still a subject of study. This time, I would like to focus on two issues: what was the goal of the coalition army and what was its route? The first question seems to be easy to answer: the goal was to defeat the Georgians. But we are interested what type of “defeat” was intended to be inflicted on the enemy? Was the objective of the invaders to defeat the king in a pitched-battle, to kill him or to occupy a certain part of Georgia? Could the enemy have some other intentions? I agree with S. Margishvili’s assumption that Ilghazi’s goal was the capture of Tbilisi, and he intended to secure Dmanisi and Ganja. To achieve the goal, the Muslims had to capture Georgian fortresses in the region, and they had to reduce Georgian military power. Since very little information is available and the existing accounts are contradictory, it is difficult to define the route taken by the enemy. To solve the problem, several issues must be clarified. Did the regiments of the coalition army enter Georgia separately and unite later on, e.g. in Trialeti? I think that the Muslim coalition army entered Trialeti as one army. I can assume that Ilghazi moved from Kars in the direction of Ani. The most appropriate site for unification of the troops approaching from Ani and Ganja was Kvemo Kartli. The troops from Ani and Dvin probably united prior to entering to Georgia and were joined by military forces from Ganja. The coalition army had to be united somewhere near Dmanisi. If the Muslim coalition army united in Kvemo Kartli, why did it arrive in “Trialeti, Manglisi and Didgori”? One can assume that as soon as the enemy appeared at the south border of Georgia, spies provided King David with information about the troop movement. David realized that Ilghazi’s intentions were to approach the surroundings of Tbilisi. The Georgian king made changes to his initial plan and tried to lure the enemy into a battle site, which would be unfavourable for the invaders, giving them no way to use their numerical superiority over the Georgian army. In my opinion, the first battle with the coalition army took place in the environs of Dmanisi. The enemy was tricked into thinking that it defeated the Georgians and was then lured in the direction of Trialeti. As to the Georgian army, I assume that it arrived in the environs of Manglisi-Didgori via the Nichbistskali and Kavturi gorges, and probably Tedzami as well.Item 1210 წელს სპარსეთზე გალაშქრებაში მთიულთა მონაწილეობის ასახვა ქართულ ფოლკლორში(2019) ჯავახიშვილი, ნიკოThere is a number of folklore texts preserved in Georgian peoples’ poetry, which tell about the important historical military-political events. Some of these texts are unique as there are few or no other sources preserved describing these types of events. On the festival of “Lomisoba”, which is celebrated annually in Lomisi’s St. Giorgi Church (8th-9th centuries) situated in one of Georgia’s historygeographic regions called Mtiuleti, an ancient military song “Perkhisa” is sung. There were many versions of the song’s texts published in Georgia over different years. One of them was published by us in 1989. Various versions of the above song’s texts are presented and analyzed in this article. In all of them, participation of Georgian highlanders – Mtiulis – is reflected in Georgians’ military invasion of Khorasan (proved by Georgian historical sources). In Georgian historiography it is proved that Georgian army conquered the following towns: Marandi, Tabriz, Miana, Zenjan, Kazvin etc. and reached Khorasan (Persia) in 1210. The army came back to Georgia with large booty. The above invasion took place not only for booty and demonstration of power, but its main goal was fighting with and defeating of the Shah of Khorezm – Muhamad.Item 1765 წლის შეთქმულების მონაწილეთა იდენტიფიკაციისათვის(მერიდიანი, 2013) ჯავახიშვილი, ნიკოConspiracy (1765) of Prince Paata Bagrationi (1720-1765), son of Vakhtang VI, king of Kartli (central part of Georgia), is one of less known events of the second half of the 18th century. According to the observation of historical sources, it is ascertained in the presented work that the number of participants of the conspiracy, in fact, is higher than it had been previously known. After the failure of the conspiracy, many perpetrators from the nobilty were severely punished, part of them were executed, part of them – mutilated, others lost their titles and lands and were exiled to South-West part of Kakheti (Eastern part of Georgia) – Gare Kakheti, nowadays Sagarejo district.Item 1832 წლის შეთქმულებითი მოძრაობა (და არა – შეთქმულება)(მერიდიანი, 2013) შველიძე, დიმიტრიConspiracy of the Georgian patriots against Russia was not a conspiracy in typical sence, as all the active classes were involved into. Structurally, conspirators formed network of different circles, led by main body of conspiracy. They needed global rebellion which is attested by different type of sources. That is why this event needs other definition that created by the Russians – conspiracy. Maybe, patriotic movement will be proper nominal.Item 1872 წლის დებულებები ამიერკავკასიის მუსლიმი სასულიერო წოდების მართვის შესახებ(2022-04-27) გელოვანი/ Gelovani, ნანი/ NaniOn April 5, 1872, Emperor Alexander II (1855-1881) approved the provision for the establishment of Sunni and and Shi‘a Religious Boards in Transcaucasia – the Statute on the Administration of the Transcaucasian Sunni Muslim Clergy and Statute on the Administration of the Transcaucasian Shi‘a Muslim Clergy. The establishment of the Transcaucasian Shi‘a Religious Board was due to a large number of Muslim Shi‘as in the region, especially in the Islamic enclave of the region − North Azerbaijan. At the same time, the Tsarist government, which operated on the principle of “divide and rule,” sought to prevent the unity of Muslims in religious matters and to deepen the confrontation between the various denominations of Islam. The provisions concerning the governance of the Shi‘a and Sunni Muslim clergy in the Caucasus were virtually identical and consisted of 7 chapters and 115 articles. The Statutes of 1872 on the governance of the Shi‘a and Sunni clergy in the Caucasus determined the normative and legal status, obligations and rights of the Muslim clergy. On January 2, 1873, the Transcaucasian Shi‘a and Sunni Religious Boards officially opened in Tbilisi. They were under the control of Ministry of Internal Affairs and directly attached to the Viceroyalty. Their jurisdiction covered Muslims in the Baku, Elisavetpol (Ganja), Tiflis (Tbilisi) and Erivan (Erevan) gubernias. All other Transcaucasian territories and the North Caucasus that were not included in the universal Russian rule (military-communal administration) remained outside the jurisdiction of the Transcaucasian Muslim clergy. However, archival documents confirm that, on the basis of special instructions or with the permission of the Viceroy of the Caucasus, the Sunni Muslim clergy had the right to discuss the cases from areas not subject to the rule. According to the regulations, a candidate for a religious position had to be a Russian subject and had to have a certificate confirming the knowledge corresponding to a religious rank. Age restrictions were also introduced. Defendants wanted by the court, persons whose employment was terminated by the court and pauper debtors held under guardianship for embezzlement could not obtain the clerical rank. The applicants also had to have a certificate that they did not belong to any society or doctrine “inadmissible” by the government. Before a “cleric” could occupy any post he had to pledge “loyalty to His imperial Majesty and conscientious fulfillment of his obligations (texts of the oath had to be printed in Russian, equipped with a translation into Azerbaijani).” The Muslim clergy was to celebrate every holiday with prayers in the mosques, praying to the Lord for the health and longevity of the Emperor, as well as his wife, heir to the throne, and the entire royal family, according to existing rules. The regulations also established a three-tier system of governing the religious life of Muslims in the Caucasus, or “a unified government vertical from the village mullah to the Mufti.” Based on the archival materials, we have compiled a complete list (with biographies) of the Heads of the Muslim clergy of Transcaucasian Krai (Mufti and Sheikh-ul-Islam). The well-organised structure of the Religious Boards of Transcaucasian Muslims existed with minor changes until 1917.Item 1872 წლის დებულებები ამიერკავკასიის მუსლიმი სასულიერო წოდების მართვის შესახებ(2022-04-27) გელოვანი, ნანიOn April 5, 1872, Emperor Alexander II (1855-1881) approved the provision for the establishment of Sunni and and Shi‘a Religious Boards in Transcaucasia – the Statute on the Administration of the Transcaucasian Sunni Muslim Clergy and Statute on the Administration of the Transcaucasian Shi‘a Muslim Clergy. The establishment of the Transcaucasian Shi‘a Religious Board was due to a large number of Muslim Shi‘as in the region, especially in the Islamic enclave of the region − North Azerbaijan. At the same time, the Tsarist government, which operated on the principle of “divide and rule,” sought to prevent the unity of Muslims in religious matters and to deepen the confrontation between the various denominations of Islam. The provisions concerning the governance of the Shi‘a and Sunni Muslim clergy in the Caucasus were virtually identical and consisted of 7 chapters and 115 articles. The Statutes of 1872 on the governance of the Shi‘a and Sunni clergy in the Caucasus determined the normative and legal status, obligations and rights of the Muslim clergy. On January 2, 1873, the Transcaucasian Shi‘a and Sunni Religious Boards offi cially opened in Tbilisi. They were under the control of Ministry of Internal Aff airs and directly attached to the Viceroyalty. Their jurisdiction covered Muslims in the Baku, Elisavetpol (Ganja), Tifl is (Tbilisi) and Erivan (Erevan) gubernias. All other Transcaucasian territories and the North Caucasus that were not included in the universal Russian rule (military-communal administration) remained outside the jurisdiction of the Transcaucasian Muslim clergy. However, archival documents confi rm that, on the basis of special instructions or with the permission of the Viceroy of the Caucasus, the Sunni Muslim clergy had the right to discuss the cases from areas not subject to the rule. According to the regulations, a candidate for a religious position had to be a Russian subject and had to have a certifi cate confi rming the knowledge corresponding to a religious rank. Age restrictions were also introduced. Defendants wanted by the court, persons whose employment was terminated by the court and pauper debtors held under guardianship for embezzlement could not obtain the clerical rank. The applicants also had to have a certifi cate that they did not belong to any society or doctrine “inadmissible” by the government. Before a “cleric” could occupy any post he had to pledge “loyalty to His imperial Majesty and conscientious fulfi llment of his obligations (texts of the oath had to be printed in Russian, equipped with a translation into Azerbaijani).” The Muslim clergy was to celebrate every holiday with prayers in the mosques, praying to the Lord for the health and longevity of the Emperor, as well as his wife, heir to the throne, and the entire royal family, according to existing rules. The regulations also established a three-tier system of governing the religious life of Muslims in the Caucasus, or “a unifi ed government vertical from the village mullah to the Mufti.” Based on the archival materials, we have compiled a complete list (with biographies) of the Heads of the Muslim clergy of Transcaucasian Krai (Mufti and Sheikh-ul-Islam). The well-organised structure of the Religious Boards of Transcaucasian Muslims existed with minor changes until 1917.Item 1924 წლის აჯანყების კვლევის შეფასებისთვის (საკითხის დასმა)(2016) ნადირაძე, ქეთევანHistory of study of revolt 1924 and generally, of Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918-1921 can be divided into two stages: historiography of the Soviet and Post-Soviet periods. Emigrants’ literature related to history of the period, which became available in Georgia only after collapse of the Soviet Union, should be specially noted. The paper is focused on both periods of research related to the revolt 1924. Works of the Soviet period are far away from being called researches. Political assessments prevail. There are also some problems for Post-Soviet historiography, sometimes restricting itself only by re-assessment of former opinions. Thorough researches are to be carried on using all categories of the sources.Item 1936 წლის 18 ივლისის სახელმწიფო გადატრიალება და მისი ლეგიტიმაციის მცდელობა ფრანკოს რეჟიმის პირველ პერიოდში(უნივერსალი, 2019) გოგენია, ზაალ; Gogenia, ZaalThe legitimization of 18 July 1936 coup d’etat was one of the most important tasks of Francoist lawyers. They had to prove that the creation and existence of a Popular front government was illegal. They sought to justify the uprising as a legal act of “resistance” against tyrannical authorities on the basis of various political and juridical ideas; to argue that based on the principles of administrative and military law the basic duty of the army was guarding the nation “under the attack of the government”; within the categories of criminal law, to give the qualification of “legal defence” (extreme necessity) to the “military uprising”, which releases from the criminal responsibility. In 1938 Franco's minister of internal affairs Ramón Serrano Suñer, signed an order establishing a commission tasked with approving the illegitimacy of the current Spanish government on July 18, 1936. The 23 members of the commission had to substantiate with “credible evidence” the thesis that “the rebellion was not an act against the government or against the law.” The article discusses in detail the document which was elaborated by the Commission, so-called “Dictamen,” according to which not only Popular Front’s rise to power, but also the origins of the republic itself were illegal and the constitution was not a “fundamental statute of the country.” There were also listed “crimes” committed by the government. The “right of resistance” (ius resistendi) was one of the important argue for justifications of the coup. The activities of Sabino Alvarez Gendin (University of Oviedo) are distinguished in this direction. His arguments had a specific purpose – to justify the military uprising by legal and traditional principles, that is, the right of rebellion as a response on the oppress by tyrannical government, is a universal right and at the same time it is typical of the traditional nature of Spaniards. Based on various theories, Gendin argued that enslaved people have the legal right to rebel against the government, but there are three essential requirements: when all peaceful and legal measures are exhausted, when there is a high probability of success, and when the uprising is proportional measure. The first two requirements according of Gendin were clear, as for to the third, it was less proportional considering of results, but the victory of communism in Spain would have resulted in more terror than in the civil war. Thus, according to Gendin, the sacrifice was worth it. The statements of Ignacio de Lojendio (University of Seville) are also noteworthy in regard with the right of resistance. The difference between Gendin and Lojendio is in the source of inspiration. Lochendio’s views fit in the frames of philosophy of history, while the question of government’s legitimacy shifts to the background. The right to rebel according of him is not an ethical and moral obligation, but a natural act of necessity. Isaiah Sanchez Tejerina (University of Salamanca) is a prominent author in justifying the uprising in terms of “legal defence.” In his view, the national uprising was an example of collective execution of legal defence (though it is an individual act by its nature). According to him, the uprising was at the same time proportional and necessary measure. Another aspect of the justification of uprising was the issue of army’s duty. According to lawyer Jaime Masaveu, the army should protect the nation, because it is a “natural social essence”, while the state is a “political superfetation.” In the case of a dilemma, a soldier defends the “nation” even if it means going against the state. So this postulate goes back to the argument of the illegitimacy of the Republican government. In the field of international law the positions of Jose de Yanguas Messia and Pedro Cortina Mauri are interesting.Item 1989 წლის 25 თებერვალი. საზოგადოება და ხელისუფლება(2021) ბახტაძე, მიხეილThe political changes that began in the USSR in the second half of the 1980s (“Perestroika”, “Glastnost”) led to the activation of the National-Liberation Movement. When talking about this period, two events are mainly mentioned. The fi rst being April 9, 1989 and the next November 1988 hunger strike. Apart from them, there were several other important events in the second half of the80s. AmongthemisFebruary25, 1989. Thisdaybytheiniti ativeoftheNational Liberation Movement was marked as a day of mourning in the latt er year . February 25 was one of the most solemn days in Soviet Georgia, the date of establishment of the Soviet rule in Georgia. The society was celebrating together with the government, at least in appearance, ostensibly. Perhaps some individuals perceived this day in rather diff erent light than the Soviet authorities, but obviously this was not happening in public. This very day as a day of mourning, as a day of Georgia’s loss of independence, was celebrated in public, for the fi rst time with a mass anti-Soviet demonstration in 1989. The government tried to terrorize the public and supposedly this led to the incident of February 18, 1989, the dispersion of peaceful protesters by “Komsomol” activists. On February 25, the city center was full of “militia”. The demonstrators gathered in diff erent places and marched to the yard of the fi rst building of TSU, the main gathering location. By 10-11 a.m. the yard and the surrounding area was crowded with demonstrators. Some groups had to break through a “militia” cordon on the way. Several buses were parked on the streets surrounding the university, where the soldiers of the 8th Regiment of the Internal Troops were waiting in the full preparation (equipped with the helmets, the shields etc). But the government could not dare to use force. What was the government doing? It was traditionally celebrating _ on the evening of February 24, a solemn gathering and then a solemn concert was held at the Opera House. This was happening when, even in the pages of the fl agship of the Soviet Georgian press, the newspaper “Communist” was addressing the events of February 25, 1921 as an occupation. It was obvious that the government and the society were on diff erent confl icting sides. The government was becoming more and more alienated from the society, it could no longer perceive reality and I suppose this was the reason for the development of the events a month and a half later.Item 1990-1991 წლების ქართული პრესა პოლიტიკური პროცესების ჭრილში(შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდი, 2019) შამილიშვილი, მანანა; Shamilishvili, Manana; წერეთელი, მარი; Tsereteli, Mariჩვენ მიერ საკონფერენციოდ წარმოდგენილი მოხსენება შეეხება ჩვენი ქვეყნის უახლესი ისტორიის მეტად მტკივნეულ და წინააღმდეგობებით აღსავსე პერიოდს. მასში წარმოჩენილია 1990-1991 წლების საქართველოში შექმნილი მწვავე პოლიტიკური გარემო და რადიკალური მსოფლმხედველობრივი დაპირისპირება. ეს პროცესებინათლად აისახა იმდროინდელ პრესაში. მიხედავად იმისა, რომ მონიშნული დროის ქართული მედია პლურალისტურ ბუნებას ავლენდა, მაინც აშკარა იყო იდეოლოგიური პოლარიზების მაღალი ხარისხი. მაშინდელმა საგაზეთო პოლემიკამ მკაფიოდ წარმოაჩინა სახელისუფლებო და ოპოზიციურ ძალთა შეურიგებელი ბრძოლა, პოლიტიკურ ჯგუფებს შორის თვალსაზრისთა მკვეთრი დაშორიშორებულობა. საკვლევი პერიოდის სპეციფიკიდან გამომდინარე, მიზნად დავისახეთ ორი მნიშვნელოვანი გაზეთის – ოფიციოზური „საქართველოს რესპუბლიკისა“ და ოპოზიციური „დრონის“ პუბლიკაციათა ანალიზი. ძირითადად, ამ ორი გამოცემის ირგვლივ იყო გაერთიანებული სახელისუფლებო და ოპოზიციური ძალები. მსგავსი მედიაკლიმატი დამახასიათებელია პოსტსოციალისტური სახელმწიფოებისთვის. წარსულის ინერცია ძნელად დასაძლევი აღმოჩნდა იმდროინდელი მედიისთვის. მან, მართალია, მოიშორა საბჭოური ცენზურის წნეხი, მაგრამ ერთგული დარჩა ადრინდელი პროფესიული მიდგომებისა, რაც პარტიული მიმხრობის, ეთიკურ ნორმათა უგულებელყოფის, თვითცენზურისა და სხვა ნეგატიური მახასიათებლების სახით ვლინდებოდა. სამწუხაროდ, ეს ნაკლოვანებები არც დღესაა დაძლეული. საკითხი ვიკვლიეთ კონტექსტურად, პოლიტიკურ პროცესებზე დაკვირვებით, შესაბამისი მასალის მოძიება – კლასიფიკაციისა და შინაარსობრივი ანალიზის გზით. განვსაზღვრეთ ასევე კვლევის თეორიულ ჩარჩო. ამისთვის გამოვიყენეთ მედიისა და პოლიტიკის ურთიერთმიმართების ე. ჰალინისა და პ. მანჩინისეული მედიამოდელი. მასთან ერთად, უილიამ ჰახტენის პრესის რევოლუციური კონცეფცია. მოხმობილი მეთოდოლოგიის მიხედვით რელევანტური ტექსტების ანალიზმა მოგვცა შესაძლებლობა, გამოგვეკვეთა დასახელებული გამოცემების სარედაქციო პოლიტიკა, რაც მოვლენების მეტად სუბიექტურ აღქმაში გამოვლინდა. კვლევისას მიღებული შედეგები წარმოაჩენს პოსტსაბჭოთა საქართველოში არსებული პოლიტიკური, სოციალური და მედიაგარემოს სპეციფიკას; გამოკვეთს პოლიტიკურ ძალთა შორის დაპირისპირების გამომწვევ მიზეზებს და გვეხმარება სინამდვილის კონსტრუირებაში.Item 1990-იანი წლების პოლიტიკური პროცესები მხატვრულ კონტექსტში: ოლგა ტაქსიდუს პიესა „მედეა“ და ევრიპიდეს „მედეას“ თანამედროვე ინტერპრეტაციები(უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2019) ნადარეიშვილი, ქეთევანWhile discussing the relationship between literary discourse and political processes the study of the receptions of the classical heritage provides with a fruitful material. One of the most significant examples of such re- flection is Olga Taxidou’s play “Medea” (adaptation of Euripides’ tragedy) written in 1990s. The writer puts forward the complexities connected with the age-old East x West opposition, though gives to this theme the modern connota- tion. The interrelation of an empire and the “third world” and the condition of women as the most fragile part of the imperialistic strategy becomes the main discourse of the play. The conclusions of the article suggest useful insights concerning : a) Taxidou’s reception of Medea in the context of the modern interpretations of the Medea theme; b) Taxidou’s method (using the myth) in reflecting on the geopolitical and cultural problems of the day and presenting them in a broader context of time and space.Item 2019 budget, fiscal risks(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2019) Chikviladze, Mikheil2019 State Budget, Fiscal Risks includes analysis of amendments to “the Law of Georgia on State Budget 2019“, discusses conceptual issues of new distribution of VAT on budgets of local, territorial units ‘’municipalities“, it also emphasizes the state debt , depreciation, negative events of economic shock, fiscal risk analysis of 2019 is also made.Item The “4 + 1 Program” in Higher Education Institutions as a Strategy for the Integration of Ethnic Minorities(2020) Mikhanashvili, IngaOne of the most important issues in contemporary Georgia is the protection of national minorities’ rights and civic integration promotion. To increase access to higher education and therefore to promote civic integration of ethnic minorities, in 2009, by the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, based on amendments made to the Law on Higher Education, educational program in Georgian Language training was launched. The program aimed to let ethnic minorities to be enrolled in higher education institutions based on the results of the Azerbaijanian, Armenian, Ossetian and Abkhazian language tests of General skills and afterward, to study the Georgian language at the level which is necessary to continue studying under the bachelor's program. Based on the results of the general skill tests in Azerbaijanian, Armenian, Abkhazian and Ossetian languages, the rules for enrolling students in higher education institutions were defined as a temporary measure, the validity of which expired at the end of the 2018-2019 academic year. Therefore, we think it is necessary to evaluate the results of the educational program in the Georgian language, to summarize the opinions and recommendations of the parties involved in the implementation of the program. The educational program presented by the Ministry of Education in 2004 aimed to create equal conditions for all entrants when applying to Georgian higher education institutions. Under this reform, unified national exams have been introduced since 2005, but in the first year of the reform, only twenty ethnic minority entrants became students, a much lower rate than in previous years. To eliminate this negative effect of the reform, the Ministry of Education has started implementing a "favorable policy" for ethnic minorities. This study aims to assess students' perceptions and attitudes about the effectiveness of the Georgian language training program (4 + 1 program) initiated for ethnic minorities in 2009 and implemented within the framework of the National Civil Integration Action Plan; Also, to analyze the goals of the introduction of the 4 + 1 program in the education system. In the report, by using the integration theoretical framework and statistical data analysis method, I studied statistical data on the number of students representing ethnic minorities in Georgian universities; analyzed the goals and motives of the Ministry of Education while introducing "4 + 1 program"; also analyzed the official statistics provided by the National Center for Examinations and Assessment and the Center for Education Quality Development. As a result of the study, after the launching of the program, an increase in the number of ethnic minority students in Georgian universities and an improvement in their knowledge of the Georgian language was revealed.Item 50-ე ფსალმუნის (მიწყალეს) განმარტების ახლადგამოვლენილი ხელნაწერი(ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა, 2023) ევდოშვილი, თინათინThe largest collections of Georgian manuscripts are kept in the Georgian National Centre of Manuscripts, as well as in other museums and book repositories both in Georgia and abroad. Some manuscript books are also preserved in private collections. In this article, we present one of the manuscripts held in a private collection in Tbilisi -“Commentary on Psalm 50.” The manuscript was translated from the Armenian language in the first third of the 19th century, specifically in 1821, by priest Egnate Ioseliani. The size of the book is 375x230 mm, and it includes 246 folios. The manuscript is complete. The text consists of a preface (6r–13r) and 22 chapters (15r–240r), all titled. This newly found manuscript is Egnate Ioseliani’s autograph of the “Commentary on Psalm 50;” given the codicological characteristics of the manuscript, we conclude that this is his draft version. Egnate Ioseliani (1766-1843) was one of the prominent clergymen of the 18th-19th centuries of Georgia and served at St. George Court’s Church during the reign of the last king of Kartl-Kakheti, George the XII (1798-1800). Ioseliani was close to the king and actively participated in Court life. He was a skilled writer, knew Armenian, and often helped the King communicate with the representatives of the Armenian Church. After the death of King George, Ioseliani was among those who tried to maintain the independence of the kingdom, but unsuccessfully, as subsequently it was abolished by Alexander I in 1801. Georgia then became the governorate of the Russian Empire. The dramatic events that unfolded in Georgia in the first third of the 19th century did not prevent Ioseliani from being active in his literary career; in the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi, there are 21 manuscripts related to his name. In order to define the place and significance of Egnate Ioseliani's “Commentary on Psalm 50” in the Georgian literary heritage, we looked for all manuscripts with the same title in the book repositories of Georgia. As a result, we found only four in the collections of the National Centre of Manuscripts (S-3029 b, S-2548, S-3644, and Q-1439). Based on this search, we conclude that Egnate Ioseliani is not the only one among the 18th–19th century figures interested in the exegesis of Psalm 50. According to the description, manuscript S-3644, “Commentary on Miserere Mei,” was considered to be the original work of Katholikos Anton I. But now we can prove that, in reality, it is a compilation made by an unknown author, where each verse is accompanied by the commentaries of the three prominent Church fathers, Cyril of Alexandria, Athanasius the Great, and Hesychius of Jerusalem. We think that the “Commentary on Miserere Mei,” written by Anton I, is lost, and probably, as P. Ioseliani indicates, we should look for it in the fond of the Synod archive of the Russian State Archives. The newly found manuscript examined in this paper, “Commentary on Psalm 50,” is preserved in a private collection; we conclude that it is the autograph of Egnate Ioseliani. It is the complete draft version of “Commentary.” Two other incomplete autographs of Egnate Ioseliani preserved in the National Center of Manuscripts, namely, manuscripts S-3029 b (which contains the preface and two chapters) and Q-1439 (which contains the preface and 13 chapters), are white pages of the complete text of the “Commentary.” As for the manuscript S-2548, we believe that it represents a later, literary adaptation of the complete text of the “Commentary on Psalm 50,” translated from Armenian by Egnate Ioseliani. Thus, the Armenian source that Ioseliani used and the author of manuscript S-2548 remain to be determined.Item Abkhazians and Ossetians in Georgia. Short History (handout for the politicians)(2019) Dundua, Tedo; Avdaliani, EmilItem About common and distinctive signs of the terms “international business” and “international management”(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2021) Tugushi, MironThere is not any similar understanding of the content of the concepts of “International Business” and “International Management”. When figuratively speaking, “Business” and “Management” are two sides of the same coin. One is the management system and the other is the managing (controlling) system. There is no business without management and vice versa. There are a lot of essential differences between running business within the frames of one country and commercial activity on the International arena, and these differences form necessity of adequate changes in management system. The main goal of “International Business” is to gain much more profit between organizations operating in different (two or more) countries than it is possible within one country as a result of business interdependencies and business operations (firms, companies, corporations and their branches). International Management is a special type of management, the main goals of which are to form, develop and use the competitive advantages of international business organizations (their branches) based on doing business in different countries; As well as study of the economic, social, demographic, cultural and other peculiarities of these countries in-depth and use them to develop their own business activities. Successful salvation of the above mentioned tasks requires from International Managers and others, increasing of their cultural awareness and knowledge of global thinking.Item About customers attitude towards service in retail stores(Science Events Ltd, 2020) Seturi, MaiaCustomer service in retail stores is of great importance in creating customer satisfaction. The needs of Georgian consumers in the services offered in stores are changing. Today, consumers are often well informed. Customers want and expect to receive quality products, provide the right level of service and much more. Along with buying the products they need, consumers also expect the buying process to be enjoyable and convenient for them. Existing retail stores that compete with each other contribute to increasing consumer expectations. Personal communication is very important in sales. Sales staff practically helps people make the right choice. The aim of our research - to study the attitude of consumers to the services available in stores, to the sales methods and to the staff. Based on the results of the study, a number of shortcomings were identified. The final part of the article presents our main recommendations that will help retail stores improve their operations.Item About effective cash flow management of the company(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2021) Barbakadze, Khatuna; Kakakshvili, NatoManaging company’s cash flow is part of the financial activities that are important to the overall stability of the business. Competition between companies makes it difficult to increase profit as well as maintain positive cash flows. While the main goal of companies is to increase profit and market share, less attention is paid to forecasting and managing cash flows. Cash flow is a driving force for any company and developing the right management strategy is vital to any sector of the economy. The aim of the research is to discuss the theoretical-methodological aspects related to cash flow management and to evaluate the factors affecting cash flow in order to improve the company’s cash flow management. Based on the consideration of cash flow measurement and reporting methods, we can say that these methods differ from each other only by the specifics of calculating cash flows obtained from operating activities. If the direct method of incoming and outgoing cash flows occurs directly, in the indirect method, the financial result of the company, profit, is adjusted for non-cash items and we receive the net cash flow. This method is much more informative for the company’s management as it shows the relationship between the profit earned and the cash flow. A review of money management models allows us to say that the advantages of the Miller-Orr model over the Baumol model lie in the realistic assumptions, namely that the Miller-Orr model does not allow an equal amount of cash flow to be found in the Baumol model. Conversely, the Miller-Orr model assumes that cash flows fluctuate over time, which is, of course, much more realistic. Therefore, this model is more usable than the Baumol model.Item About population growth and global problems(Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Press, 2021) Veshapidze, Shota; Zubiashvili, TamazPopulation growth is a trend in the modern world economy. Its growth rate is gradually decreasing significantly. Differences in population growth rates are observed between developed, developing and transition economies. In developed countries, declining fertility and expected life expectancy are leading to the stabilization of population size and aging. International migration is becoming an important source of population growth in these countries. In many developing countries, high population growth rates are maintained. Many developing countries are less able to cope with the problems caused by the growing population, which is related to the provision of adequate income, food security, employment and basic social services for the growing population. In addition, the proper management of natural resources, which in many developing countries have traditionally ensured the survival of a large part of the population, is of great importance. Georgia, like other countries with economies in transition, has been in a deep economic crisis since the 1990s, when the country began to transition from a planned economic system to a market economy. Living conditions in the country have deteriorated and the population has decreased. Population growth is a precondition for the emergence of global poverty, food and environmental problems. In order to overcome these challenges, it is important to strengthen the joint efforts and take into account the interests and needs of different countries of the world.